The Healing of Nations and the Hidden Sources of Their Strife

Writing in 1915, Edward Carpenter looks for the social pressures behind the First World War. His collected studies and notes examine relations between England and Germany, the interests of religious, military and commercial classes, and the ways those interests can draw whole nations into conflict. Separate chapters set out cases for and against Germany, while others consider patriotism, international cooperation, compulsory service and plans for peace.

The discussion turns from national policy to the position of ordinary workers. Carpenter describes farmers tending land near the fighting lines, English villagers with little stake in the soil, and employees facing pressure from landlords to enlist. These examples connect his account of war to questions of property, class power and public opinion. An appendix gathers statements and writings on disarmament, democracy and reconciliation. Readers interested in early responses to the war will find an argument that treats social reform as part of rebuilding relations between nations.