Index

 

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Abbas I, Safavid Shah, 159

Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258), 54

Abel, Elie, 501

Abi Garmin, 354

Abor expedition (1911–1912), 344 Abruzzi, Duke of, see Luigi Amedeo

Abu Dulaf, 156

Acharya, Baburam, 117, 510

Aconcagua, 354

Acquaviva, Rodolfo, 76

Aden, 284

Adi people, 344

Adornment for Nagarjuna’s Thought (Gendun Chopel), 486

Advaita Vedanta, 13

Afghanistan, 16, 63, 86, 194, 242, 246, 247, 377

Agra, Uttar Pradesh, 76, 160, 220

agrarian-military complex, 120

Ahmed Shah, Raja of Baltistan, 360

Ahnenerbe, 433

Airco DH9a aircraft, 421

Aishwarya, Queen consort of Nepal, 513

Akademischer Alpenverein München, 425

Akbar I, Mughal Emperor, 76

Akbar II, Mughal Emperor, 220

Aksai Chin region, 58, 502, 503, 504, 505

Alaknanda river, 10, 12, 76, 222, 271

Alaska, 365

Albania, 404, 428

Alceste, 293

Aldenderfer, Mark, 35, 65

Aleppo, Syria, 207

All India Radio, 467

Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 357, 375

Allen, Charles, 269

Alliata, Topazia, 454

Almora, Kumaon, 16, 17, 195, 199–200, 367, 413

Alopen, 74

Alpert, Richard, 517

Alpine Club, 7, 350–51

Bauer, 428

Boss, 356, 357

Bruce, see Bruce, Charles

Collie, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 368

Conway, 358, 359–60, 362, 363, 365

Corbett, 7

Crowley and, 365

Davidson, 362, 363

Décle, 356

Dickens on, 350

Freshfield, 357, 358, 362, 364, 366, 375, 395

Graham and, 355, 357, 358

Mummery and, 360–64

Rubenson and, 368

Trisul expedition (1907), 367, 395, 396

Tyndall, 351

Alpine Journal, 351, 355, 358, 372, 418, 423

Alps, 7, 284, 345, 350–51, 355, 361–2

Eiger, 350, 356, 364, 425

Matterhorn, 351, 359, 361–2

Monte Rosa, 353

Vallée Blanche, 464

Weisshorn, 351

Zermatt, 284, 351, 359

Altai mountains, 37

Altan Khan, 133, 134

altitude record, 224, 358, 364, 369, 409

altitude sickness, 76, 274

Ama Dablam, 518

Ambala, Haryana, 227, 228, 231

ambans, 136, 146, 167, 196, 201

Amdo, 299, 305, 311

Atisa in, 73

Chinese invasion (1930–1932), 438

Geluk school in, 297

Huc’s visit (1846), 308

Kumbum monastery, 131, 148, 297, 308, 312

Labrang monastery, 297

Qing invasion (1720), 136, 299

Phagmodrupa dynasty (1354–1618), 130

Rijnharts in (1896–8), 312

Serkhok monastery, 299, 300

stereotypes in, 305

Taylor’s visit (1890), 311

Tseten Nomonhan, 299–303, 305

Zhang Zhung Kingdom (c. 500 BCE–625 CE), 48, 61–8

American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), 98, 127, 168

Amherst, William Pitt, 1st Earl Amherst, 228, 293

Amnesty International, 494

Among the Tibetans (Bird), 310

Amritsar Treaty (1846), 280–81, 331

Amshuverma, King of Licchavi, 48, 51

An Lushan Rebellion (755–763), 53

Andes range, 2, 203, 215–16, 223, 339, 351, 352, 354

de Andrade, António, 76–7, 78, 222, 304

Androsace Club, 441

Ang Lhamu, 448

Ang Tharkay, 412, 413, 463

Anglicanism, 230, 268

Anglo-Afghan War, First (1839–1842), 247

Anglo-Bhutanese War (1864–1865), 150, 307, 383 Anglo-Burmese War

First (1824–1826), 224

Third (1885), 385

Anglo-Chinese War

First (1839–1842), 247, 282, 308, 331, 490

Second (1856–1860), 283, 285, 490

Anglo-Dutch War, Second (1665–1667), 206

Anglo-Indians, 200, 219–20, 267

Anglo-Maratha War, Second (1803–1805), 173

Anglo-Mysore War, Second (1780–1784), 176

Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816), 16–17, 183–200, 335

Anglo-Russian Convention (1907), 393, 398 Anglo-Sikh War

First (1845–1846), 227, 234, 236, 251, 280, 326, 331, 353

Second (1848–1849), 227, 234, 236, 251, 281, 283, 326, 353

Annapurna range, 29, 219, 462–4

Annexation of Tibet (1950–51), 164, 261, 481–2, 488–9

Aufschnaiter and, 457

Battle of Chamdo (1950), 488

Ford and, 491–2

Gendun Chopel and, 487

Richardson and, 496

Anson, George, 227–8, 231, 234

Antarctica, 23, 322, 325, 339, 366, 518

Anutapagupta, 158

d’Anville, Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon, 202, 204, 214

Arbuthnot bank, Madras, 382

Archaeological Survey of India, 281

Arctic, 295, 301, 365

Argentina, 354

Ariq Boke, 88

Arka Tagh mountains, 314

Armenians, 158–63, 203, 212

Arniko, 89–92

Arnold, Edward, 315

Arnold Arboretum, Boston, 346

Arthur, Duke of Connaught, 258

Arts and Crafts movement, 343

Arun river, 28

Arunachal Pradesh, 18, 23, 29, 209, 263, 330, 344

Longju, 503

Tawang, 399, 402, 504

Walong, 504

Arwa valley, 440

Aryan race, 103–4

Asan Tol, Kathmandu, 458

ascetics, 10, 13, 15, 123

Aschenbrenner, Peter, 427

Ashoka, Mauryan Emperor, 43, 63

Asiatic Journal, 176, 218, 223, 225, 271

Asiatic Society, 215, 222, 285, 330, 378

Assam, 30, 138, 209, 224, 329, 330–32

astrology, 116, 177, 378, 401

astronomy, 296–7, 301, 325, 485

Atisa Dipamkara, 71–3, 74, 85, 87, 131, 158

Atkinson, Edwin, 8–9, 16

Attlee, Clement, 494

Attock, 30

Auckland, Lord, see Eden, William

Aufschnaiter, Peter, 455, 456–7, 458, 459

Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor, 160, 161

Auschwitz concentration camp, 434

Australia, 33, 324, 325, 522

Austria, 93, 364, 365, 424–5, 455

Avalokitesvara, 47, 73, 83, 131, 306, 399 Awadh, see Oudh

ayurveda, 15, 253

Azha, 48–9

Ba clan, 55

Bacot, Jacques, 484

Badrinath, Uttarakhand, 10, 12–13, 76, 77, 137, 440, 442

Baghdad, 74

Bagmati river, 81, 85

Bahadur Shah, Prince Regent of Nepal, 167–72

Bai Lang, 347

Bailey, Frederick Marshman ‘Eric’, 321, 391, 403–8, 431, 490

Baisi, 111, 113

Ballets Russes, 431, 469

Balliol College, Oxford, 346, 387

Balpo, 55

Baltistan, 68, 360

Baltoro Kangri, 358, 359

Bandar Abbas, Persia, 207

Banerjee family, 342

Bangladesh, 72, 212

Banks, Joseph, 213, 291, 322–3, 325

Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 219, 220, 268, 270

Barkhor, Lhasa, 52, 475, 497–8

Barnard, Henry, 227

Barnett, Robert, 494, 497–8

Bashi-Bazouks, 284

Basnyet clan, 118

Basra, 156, 160

Basundhara Bir Bikram, Prince of Nepal, 469

Batang, Sichuan, 382, 487, 488

Batavia, Dutch East Indies, 127, 207, 208

Battle of Agra (1857), 220

Battle of Baliqiao (1860), 283

Battle of Chamdo (1950), 488

Battle of Culloden (1746), 219

Battle of the Five Lamas (1634), 144

Battle of Kathmandu (1768), 121–3, 137

Battle of Passchendaele (1917), 314

Battle of Plassey (1757), 123

Battle of the Somme (1916), 400

Battle of Ypres (1914), 419

Bauer, Paul, 425–9, 456

Bavarian Kingdom (1805–1918), 229, 256, 352

Bay of Bengal, 6, 26

Bayley Balfour, Isaac, 345, 346, 347

Bayley, William Butterworth, 243

Beagle, 268, 326

bears, 8, 29, 124, 243

Beatles, The, 1, 12

bedding out, 343

Beecham, Thomas, 431

Beger, Bruno, 433–4

Beijing

Amherst Mission (1816), 293, 300

Jampel Chokyi in (1814–1817), 300–303

Lobsang Palden Yeshe in (1780), 148, 167, 297, 299

Macartney mission (1793), 170, 172

Macaulay mission (1885), 385

Olympic Games (2008), 480, 494

Palace Museum, 50

Qincheng prison, 489, 496

smallpox outbreak (1780), 148, 167, 297, 299

White Stupa, 91

Yellow Temple, 300, 385

Yonghe Gong monastery, 297

Beijing Genomics Institute, 32, 35–6, 37

Belait Yatra, 254

Beletsky, Evgeny, 508–9

Belkot, Nepal, 118–19

Bell, Charles, 46, 47, 316, 396–405, 408, 435, 455

Bell, Gertrude, 501

Bell, Laura, 256

Bell, Thomas, 85–6

Bell, Vanessa, 351

Bellezza, John Vincent, 65–6

Belt and Road Initiative (2013–), 43, 64, 151 Benares, see Varanasi

Bengal

famine (1769–73), 125, 128

Rennell’s maps (1780; 1782), 213

Subah of (1576–1757), 122, 123, 149, 211

Sultanate of (1352–1576), 119

Bengal Atlas (Rennell), 213

Bengal Fan, 26

Bengal Native Infantry, 176, 219, 281

Benjamin of Tudela, 157, 158

Bentinck, William, 230, 245

Bergaigne, Abel, 102–3, 104

Bergfilme, 424

Bergkamaraden, 425

Bergman, Ingrid, 469

Berlin Olympics (1936), 409–10, 423, 424, 427

Bernard, Helen, 443

Bernard, Pierre, 443

Bernard, Theos, 443, 485

Bernays, Edward, 102

Besant, Annie, 374, 430

Betjeman, John, 450

Betrawati river, 171

Bettiah, Bihar, 123

BGI, 32, 35–6, 37

Bhadgaon, 94

Bhagalpur, Bihar, 215, 219

Bhageerathi Parvat, Uttarakhand, 12

Bhagiratha, 6, 10

Bhagirathi range, 19, 25

Bhagirathi river, 6, 10, 221, 222

Bhaktapur, Nepal, 94, 99, 104, 116, 118, 125, 161, 307

Bhandari, Bidya Devi, 106, 108

Bhandarkhal massacre (1806), 174, 183, 249

Bhanubhakta Acharya, 184

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 17

Bhot Bhawan, Howrah, 147, 150

Bhote Kosi, 161, 377, 515

Bhotia Boarding School, Darjeeling, 289

Bhotias, 35, 263–7

Bhrikuti, 51

Bhutan, 94, 135, 137–45

architecture, 141

Bogle mission (1774), 140–45

British invasion (1864–1865), 150, 307, 383

Cacella and Cabral’s visit (1627), 77–8, 94, 144

climate, 141

Cooch Behar conflict (1772–3), 138–9

Darjeeling, migration to, 342

dress, 126

Druk lineage, 143, 144

Griffith’s visit (1837), 225

Indian Treaty (1949), 458

juniper in, 28

Karmapa in, 135

Manning’s visit (1811), 292

monsoon in, 29

Pemberton mission (1837), 150

Phari raid (1883), 384

Rennell’s visit (1766), 137, 212

Sikkim invasion (1700), 334

Treaty of Punakha (1910), 458

Turner mission (1783), 150, 327

Bhyundar valley, Garhwal, 418, 442

Biafo glacier, 359

bibis, 175

Bible, 15

Bichurin, Nikita Yakovievich, 300

Bihar, India, 85, 86, 122, 213, 233, 399

Bettiah, 123

Bhagalpur, 215, 219

Bodhgaya, 398, 457

Fatehpur, 230

Nalanda monastery, 55, 56, 85, 87, 89

Odantapuri, 56, 85

Patna, 84, 124, 160, 163, 205, 207, 247, 328

Purnia, 216

Raxaul, 152

Sagauli, 152

Vaishali, 84

Vikramasila, 71–2, 85

Bikrampur, Bangladesh, 72

Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, 177

biodiversity, 29

Biratnagar, Nepal, 449

Bird, Isabella, 310

birds of paradise, 109, 110

Birendra Shah, King of Nepal, 107, 109–10, 513, 515, 516

Birgunj, Nepal, 152, 445

birta, 189

Blacker, Stewart, 421–3

Blacker, Valentine, 421

Blavatsky, Helena, 78, 104, 317–18, 322, 430, 431, 432

Bloomsbury group, 456

Blue Annals, 46, 157

blue poppies, 320–21, 348, 391

blue sea region, see Qinghai

blue sheep, 29

Bodhgaya, Bihar, 398, 457

bodhisattvas, 73, 77, 83, 91, 100, 306

Bogle, George Jr, 126–50, 165, 201–2, 302, 379, 384

botany and, 326

cartography and, 204–5, 208–9, 210, 215

Chauduri, relationship with, 201

death (1781), 148

potato planting, 141, 327

Tichan, relationship with, 149–50

Bogle, George Sr, 140

Bogle, Robert, 140

Boileau, John Peter, 196–7

Boileau, John Theophilus, 230

Boileauganj, 230

Bollywood, 110

Bolsheviks, 400, 404, 431

Bon, 59, 60–61, 62, 65, 66–8

Bonham-Carter, Christopher, 514

Bonington, Christian, 519

borax, 262, 264

Boss, Emil, 356, 357

Boulger, Demetrius Charles, 383

Bourdillon, Tom, 466

Bovril, 317

Bower, Hamilton, 380

Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901), 386

Bradshaw, Paris, 188, 189, 195

Braham, Trevor, 442, 443

Brahma, 6, 14, 81, 85

Brahmaputra river, 2, 3, 24, 28, 58, 209, 210, 302

Bailey’s exploration (1911; 1913), 321, 403, 408

Kingdon-Ward’s exploration (1924), 321, 348, 408

Nain Singh’s exploration (1865), 287

Wilcox and Burlton’s exploration (1825–1828), 224

Webber’s exploration (1864), 284

see also Yarlung Tsangpo region

Brahmins, 52, 113–15, 233, 267, 443, 449, 458, 525

Brauen, Martin, 317

Breslau University, 409

Briggs, David, 234

Brilliant, 211

Britain; British Empire, 9, 13, 63, 98, 99

Aden (1839–1963), 284

Abor expedition (1911–1912), 344

Afghan War, First (1839–1842), 247

American War (1775–1783), 98, 127, 168

Amherst Mission (1816), 293, 300

Bhutanese War (1864–1865), 150, 307, 383

Burma (1824–1948), 224, 348, 384, 385

Burmese War, First (1824–6), 224

China Inland Mission, 310, 311, 312

Ceylon (1796–1948), 323, 339

Crimean War (1853–1856), 229, 284

Dutch War, Second (1665–1667), 206

Everest expeditions, see British Everest expeditions

Fortune missions (1843–1861), 341

French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802), 291

Gould mission (1936), 435–6, 491

Great Exhibition (1951), 149

Great Game (1830–1895), 289, 357, 376

Hong Kong (1841–1997), 282, 340, 519

India Office, 148, 383, 396, 400, 405, 408

Indian colonies (1612–1947), see British India

Jacobite Rebellion (1745–1746), 219

Jang Bahadur’s visit (1850), 253–8

Java invasion (1811), 191

Malaya (1826–1957), 339

Macartney mission (1793), 170, 172

Macaulay mission (1885–1886), 384–5

Mahendra’s visit (1960), 512–13

Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), 240, 277

Nigerian colonies (1879–1960), 395

Opium War, First (1839–1842), 247, 282, 308, 331, 490

Opium War, Second (1856–1860), 283, 285, 490

Phunwang, relations with, 487–8

rubber trade, 339–40

Russian Convention (1907), 393

Seven Years’ War (1756–1763), 123, 149, 211

Sikkim expedition (1860), 383

tea trade, 127, 329–32, 333, 335–6, 340

Tibetan independence and, 491, 493–4

Treaty of Danapur (1801), 173, 185, 217

Treaty of Calcutta (1890), 311, 386

Treaty of Calcutta (1908), 397

Treaty of Chefoo (1876), 384

Treaty of Lhasa (1904), 393, 399

Treaty of Punakha (1910), 458

Treaty of Sagauli (1816), 195, 196, 198, 236, 239, 260, 263, 279, 376

Treaty of Simla (1914), 400, 402, 459, 494

Treaty of Tianjin (1858), 283, 309

Treaty of Titalia (1817), 335

United Nations Declaration (1942), 492

Younghusband expedition (1903–1904), 288, 292, 311–12, 316, 367, 375,

390–93

British Association, 344

British Everest expeditions, 25, 210, 387, 395, 400, 404, 424, 441

1921 22, 211, 371, 374, 375, 396, 400, 401, 408

1922 349, 350, 374, 409, 412

1924 22, 349, 370, 371, 374, 375, 403, 407, 465

1933 22, 26, 349, 413

1935 419

1936 416–20

1953 289, 414, 441, 459, 465–8, 507

British India (1612–1947), 13, 63, 117, 120, 200

Abor expedition (1911–1912), 344

Afghan War, First (1839–1842), 247

Battle of Buxar (1764), 211

Battle of Plassey (1757), 123, 149

Bhutanese War (1864–1865), 150, 307, 383

Bogle mission (1774), see Bogle, George

Burmese War, First (1824–6), 224

cartography, 211–26

censuses, 261, 342

China, trade with, 127–8, 170, 172

civil disobedience movement (1929–31), 444

Cooch Behar conflict (1773), 138–9

Dalai Lama in (1910–1913), 397–8

Darjeeling lease (1835), 335

famines, 125, 128, 376

Fortune mission (1848), 341

Geological Survey of India, 30

Gould mission (1936), 435–6, 491

Great Survey (1802–1871), 225, 285

hill stations, 200, 228

Hooker’s voyage (1848–1849), 326, 334–9

Independence (1947), 440

Kinloch expedition (1767), 123–5, 149, 189, 214

Kirkpatrick mission (1792–1793), 98–100, 166, 171, 172, 181, 327

Ladakh boundary commissions (1846–7), 280–81

Macaulay mission (1885–1886), 384–5

Manning mission (1811–12), 292–4, 303

Maratha War, Second (1803– 1805), 173, 176, 185

Mir Qasim, relations with, 122, 211

Moorcroft expedition (1812), 268–78, 295, 327

Mysore War, Second (1780–1784), 176

Nepalese War (1814–1816), 16–17, 183–200, 335

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922), 412

Partition (1947), 442–3

Political Department, 379

railways, 152, 332, 384

Rebellion (1857–1858), see Indian Rebellion

Regulating Act (1773), 127, 140

Rennell’s maps (1780; 1782), 213–14, 218

roads, 380

Schlagintweit expeditions (1854–1857), 352–5

Sikh War, First (1845–1846), 227, 234, 236, 251, 280, 326, 331, 353

Sikh War, Second (1848–1849), 227, 234, 236, 251, 281, 283, 326, 353

Sikkim expedition (1860), 383

Sino-Nepalese War (1788–1792), 168, 170, 171, 172, 186

Survey of India, 203, 211, 212, 224, 355, 356–7, 396

Tawang annexation (1914), 399, 402, 504

taxation in, 17, 181–3, 198

tea trade, 127, 329–32, 333, 335–6, 340

telegraph system, 227, 332, 447

Treaty of Danapur (1801), 173, 185, 217

Treaty of Calcutta (1890), 311, 386

Treaty of Calcutta (1908), 397

Treaty of Lhasa (1904), 393, 399

Treaty of Punakha (1910), 458

Treaty of Sagauli (1816), 195, 196, 198, 236, 239, 260, 263, 279, 376

Treaty of Simla (1914), 400, 402, 459, 494

Treaty of Titalia (1817), 335

Turner mission (1783), 148–9, 150, 327

Vellore mutiny (1806), 191

wool trade, 77, 270, 272, 276–9, 281–2

World War II (1939–1945), 447

Younghusband expedition (1903–1904), 288, 292, 311–12, 316, 367, 375,

390–93

British Kumaon (1816–1947), 16–17, 376

Gurkha battalions, 200, 233

Hodgson in, 175, 241–2

Longstaff expeditions (1905; 1907), 367

schools in, 284

Schlagintweit brothers in, 353

tea plantations, 330, 335

taxation in, 17, 242, 263

Treaty of Sagauli (1816), 195, 199, 263, 376

British Library, London, 45, 78, 273

British Museum, London, 322

British Residents in Nepal

1802–1804 William Knox, 173–4, 177, 181, 185, 217

1816 John Boileau, 196–7

1816–1829 Edward Gardner, 197, 198, 242–3, 327

1829–1843 Brian Hodgson, 84, 175, 198, 237, 238, 245–8, 279, 379

1843–1845 Henry Lawrence, 238, 247–51

Brocherel brothers, 367

Broun-Ramsay, James, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie, 234, 237, 332–3, 334,

338

Bruce, Charles, 329

Bruce, Charles Granville, 349–50, 358, 401

Everest expedition (1922), 349, 350

Everest expedition (1924), 349

Karakoram expedition (1892), 359

Nanga Parbat expedition (1895), 349, 360, 361, 363

Trisul expedition (1907), 367, 395, 396

World War I (1914–18), 444

Bruce, Henry, 1st Lord Aberdare, 349

Bruce, James, 8th Earl of Elgin, 285

Bruce, Robert, 329

Buchan, John, 372, 422

Buchanan-Hamilton, Francis, 113–14, 117, 173, 174, 217, 328

Buddhism, 3, 12–13, 63, 398

Avalokitesvara, 47, 73, 83, 131, 306, 399

in Badrinath, 12–13

bodh tree, 209

bodhisattvas, 73, 77, 83, 91, 100, 306

in China, 43, 49, 50, 55, 74

cosmology, 301

dharma, 46, 56, 66, 70, 73, 132, 215

Diamond Sutra, 44–5

karma, 133

Kushinagar, 209

Lake Anavatapta, 210

in Nepal, 46, 55, 85–92, 102, 112

Prajnaparamita, 45

Sakya Buddha, 264

second diffusion, 68, 131, 453

soul, conception of, 13

in Soviet Union, 431, 434

sunyata, 74

swastikas in, 66

tantra, see Tantric Buddhism

in Tibet, see under Tibetan Buddhism

Zen, 55, 56–7

Buddhism Society, 431

buddleia, 347

Budhanilakantha, Nepal, 85

Buhl, Hermann, 468–9

Bukhara, 156, 270, 276, 404

Bulstrode, Beatrix, 393

Bulwer-Lytton, Edward George, 317

Bulwer-Lytton, Edward Robert, 1st Earl of Lytton, 376

Bunga Dyah, 83

von Bunge, Alexander Georg, 301

Burfu, Uttarakhand, 262

Burke, Edmund, 139, 291

Burke-Plunkett, Elizabeth, Countess of Fingall, 430

Burkill, Isaac Henry, 344

Burlton, James, 224

Burma, 224, 348, 384, 385

Burma Road, 492

Burne, Owen Tudor, 381

Burnouf, Émile-Louis, 104

Burnouf, Eugène, 103, 244, 322

Burton, Richard, 284, 296

Buryatia; Buryats, 299, 389

Butwal, Uttar Pradesh, 174, 181, 183, 188, 193

Byzantine Empire (395–1453), 74

Cabral, João, 77–8, 94, 144

Cacella, Estêvão, 77–8, 94, 144

Calcutta, Bengal, 98, 128, 140, 175

Anglo-Chinese Treaty (1890), 311, 386

Anglo-Chinese Treaty (1908), 397

Botanical Garden, 326, 328

brothels, 484

cemeteries, 140, 148, 191, 216

Convention of Calcutta (1890), 311, 386

Darjeeling as summer capital, 342

famine (1769–1773), 128

Fort William College, 176, 241

Tent Club, 241

300 Club, 469

camera obscura, 202

cameras, 414

Campbell-Bannerman, Henry, 395

Campbell, Archibald, 335–8, 342, 383

Campbell, Colin, 260

Campbell, John, 5th Earl Cawdor, 348, 408

Canada, 28, 312, 313

Candragarbha, 72

Canning, Charles John, 1st Earl Canning, 239, 241, 249, 253, 259–60

Canning, Charlotte, 239

Canton, Qing Empire, 282, 291, 298, 308, 331, 332, 345

Capra, Frank, 429

Capuchins, 95, 123, 143, 166, 205, 208, 303–7, 309

carbon dioxide, 27

Carboniferous period, 26

Carson, Susanna, see Rijnhart, Susanna

Cartier, Raymond, 518

cartography, 202–26

Casale, Jean, 421

cashmere, see wool trade

Cathay, 78

Catholicism

Britain and, 392

Capuchins, 95, 123, 143, 166, 205, 208, 303–7, 309

Jesuits, see Jesuits

Lazarists, 297, 309, 344, 380, 382

Nazism and, 432

Papacy, 206, 303, 392

Caucasus, 284, 355, 508

Cavenagh, William Orfeur, 254

Caves of Bliss, 69

Cawnpore, Uttar Pradesh, 218, 239

Cecil, Robert, 92

cement industry, 497

censuses

1871 342

1891 342

1901 261

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 415, 461, 505, 506

Ceylon, 323, 339, 413

Chabi, 88, 92

Chagos Islands, 22

Chagri monastery, Bhutan, 143

Chakrabarti, Chinmoy, 264

Chaksam river, 398

Chaktreng, Kham, 396–7

Chakzampa, 142

Chamba, 181

Chamdo, Tibet, 40, 488

Chamonix, France, 355, 409, 464

Chamurthi ponies, 270, 274

Chand dynasty (c. 600–1791), 16, 265

Chandragiri, Nepal, 98, 108, 110, 116

Chandraprabha, 116

Chang Tang, Tibet, 39, 154, 276, 314–15, 455

Chang’an, Tang Empire, 46, 49, 51, 53, 55, 74

Changabang, 356

Changchub Gyaltsen, 130

Changchub O, King of Guge, 71–2, 131

Changu Narayan temple, Kathmandu, 85, 103

Chapman, Frederick Spencer, 414, 435

Char Narayan temple, Patan, 100

chariot procession, 83

Charlottesville riots (2017), 106, 107

Chaubisi rajya, 111, 113, 118

Chauduri, 201

Chautariya, Hasti Dal, 195, 220

Chebu Lama, 338

Chefoo Convention (1876), 384

Cheka, 404

Chelsea Flower Show, London, 320

Chelsea Physic Garden, London, 340, 341

chemical weathering, 27

Chen Yi, 519

Cheng Jufu, 89

Chengde, Hebei, 148, 167

Chengdu, Sichuan, 49, 382

Chenrezig, 47, 73, 83, 131, 306, 399

Cherchen, Turkestan, 314

Chetwode, Penelope, 450

Cheyne–Stokes breathing, 274

Chhetris, 113–14, 155, 186, 233, 449, 525

Chhota Char Dham, 10, 12, 14

Chhota Simla, Himachal Pradesh, 231

Chiang Kai-shek, 411, 434, 456, 483, 486, 487, 488

Chicago Daily News, 456

Chicago, Illinois, 518, 520

chidar, 68

Chile, 354

Chimborazo, Andes range, 216, 224–5, 351, 352 China

Britain, trade with, 127–8, 170, 172

Buddhism in, 43, 49, 50, 55, 74

Christianity in, 74

Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE), 42, 64, 65

Han people, 35, 37, 39

Islam, perceptions of, 55

Ming dynasty (1368–1644), 76

People’s Republic (1949–), see People’s Republic of China

Qing dynasty (1644–1912), see Qing Empire

Republic (1912–1949), see Republic of China

silk industry, 32, 51, 64

Tang dynasty (618–907), 43, 48–54, 55, 63, 67, 69, 74, 484

Western Zhou dynasty (1047–772 BCE), 40

Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), 43, 75–6, 88–93, 130

China Illustrata (Kircher), 97

China Inland Mission, 310, 311, 312

Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, 28

Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32

Chinese Tibet (1950–), 2, 39, 60, 109, 126, 155, 472–82, 485–499

annexation (1950–51), see Annexation of Tibet

Barkhor protest (1992), 475

Belt and Road Initiative (2013–), 43, 64, 151

cement industry, 497

Chushi Gangdruk, 495, 505–6, 511, 515, 519

Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), see Cultural Revolution

Dalai Lama’s Beijing visit (1954), 482

diaspora, 155

Everest expedition (1960), 509–10, 511

Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (1954), 502, 503

foreign interference narrative, 481, 490, 498

G219 highway, 58, 59, 63, 506

genetics research, 32–9

Han migration, 39

infrastructure projects, 151–2, 481, 482

Labour Day, 477

Lhasa Uprising (1959), 472, 475, 501, 502, 503, 509, 518, 519

Nyemo revolt (1969), 478–9

Panchen Lama, reincarnation of, 293

pro-independence protests (1987–1989), 474, 494

railways, 151–2

Riots (2008), 480, 494

roads in, 482, 502–3, 505, 507, 515, 519

self-immolation protests (2009–2017), 480–81, 498, 499

Seventeen-Point Agreement (1951), 489

‘Seventy Thousand Character Petition’ (1962), 496

Sino-Indian War (1962), 2, 13, 261–2, 263, 399, 415, 504–5, 515

surveillance, 498

tourism, 151, 479, 481, 497

Wencheng, story of, 50

wool trade, 482

chiru, 36

Chitrakar, Amar, 110

Chitral State (1320–1969), 358, 372, 390

Chittagong, Bengal, 281, 289

Cho La, 338

Cho Oyu, 465

Choekyi Dronma, 473

Choekyi Gyaltsen, 4th Panchen Lama, 134

Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama, 495–6

cholera, 184, 245, 260

Chomolungma, 11, 22–3, 25–6, 80, 215, 358–9

avalanche (2014), 520–25

British expeditions, see British Everest expeditions

Chinese claims to, 507, 510–11

Chinese expedition (1960), 509–10, 511

Chinese-Soviet expedition (1958–1959), 508–9

Douglas-Hamilton’s flight (1933), 421–3

Heron’s mapping of, 22

Hooker’s visit (1848), 337

Icefall, 464, 465, 521–3

Kagyu school and, 215

Messner’s expedition (1978), 362, 369

name, 369, 507, 510

potato growing, 329

Steck expedition violence (2013), 520

Swiss expedition (1952), 441, 464–5

Swiss expedition (1956), 25–6

tourism, 521–3

United States expedition (1963), 519, 521

Wilson’s ascent (1934), 420

Zawada expedition (1980), 520

Chone monastery, Gansu, 346, 348

Chongqing, China, 456, 487, 488, 492

Chopin, Frédéric François, 257

Christianity, 15–16, 45, 54, 55, 64, 74–8, 97

Anglicanism, 230, 268

Capuchins, 95, 123, 143, 166, 205, 208, 303–7, 309

Catholicism, see Catholicism

Jesuits, see Jesuits

Lazarists, 297, 309, 344, 380, 382

Methodists, 312

Nestorians, 49, 64, 74, 75

Orthodox, 159, 160

Papacy, 206, 303, 392

Presbyterianism, 143

Prester John, 74–5, 76

Protestantism, 310, 432

Chugong, Tibet, 40–41

Chukha, Bhutan, 142

Chumbi valley, Tibet, 169, 215, 312, 383, 399, 495

Chumi Shengo, Tibet, 391, 392

Chunak, Tibet, 65, 67

Church of England, 16

Churchill, Randolph, 385

Chusang, Tibet, 36

Chushi Gangdruk, 495, 505–6, 511, 515, 519

Chushul, Ladakh, 280, 504

cinchona trees, 327, 339

Cixi, Qing Dowager Empress, 394

Clerk, George, 251

climate, 3, 27–8

monsoon, see monsoon

Tibet, 36, 37, 38, 77

climate change, 3, 31

glacial retreat and, 29

Guge collapse and, 77

mosquitoes and, 84

Nanda Devi and, 416

Clive, Robert, 123, 124, 139, 211

Club Alpin Français, 463

Coapman, John, 517

cobras, 29, 85

Cohn, Harry, 429

coins, minting of, 83, 121, 163, 168, 169

Colebrooke, Henry, 216, 217, 218, 222, 223–4, 225

Colebrooke, Robert, 216–22

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 92–3, 102, 290, 294

College of Aeronautical Engineering, 422

Collie, Norman, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 368

Columbia Pictures, 429

Colville, John, 239

Coming Race, The (Bulwer-Lytton), 317

communism, 473, 479, 480, 496

in China, 438, 455–6, 460

in India, 106

in Nepal, 108, 109, 511, 515

in Tibet, see communism in Tibet

in United Kingdom, 405

in United States, 460, 495

see also Maoism

communism in Tibet, 404, 473, 478, 487–90, 495

iconoclasm, 56, 71, 453, 479

Lungshar and, 437

Panchen Lama and, 495–6

Tibetan Communist Party, 487–90

women’s rights and, 480

de la Condamine, Charles-Marie, 216

Confucianism, 54

Conrad, Joseph, 124, 324

Constantinople, 74, 207

continental drift, 21–5

Convention of Calcutta (1890), 311, 386

Conway, Martin, 358, 359–60, 362, 363, 365

Cooch Behar, 138–9, 148

Cook, James, 141, 322, 325

Cooper, Thomas Thornville, 382–3, 384

Copley Medal, 213

coral, 138

Corbett, Edward James ‘Jim’, 517

Corbett, Geoffrey, 7–8

Cornwallis, Charles, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, 168, 171, 268

Cosmic Consciousness (Besant), 374

Cosmos (Humboldt), 352

de Coubertin, Pierre, 409

cow’s mouth, 6, 16, 218, 222, 223

Crawford, Charles, 217–18

Cremorne Gardens, London, 256

Crimean War (1853–1856), 229, 284

crinoids, 25, 26

crocodiles, 29

Crosse, Cornelia ‘Yoï’, 454

Crowley, Aleister, 333, 365

Crown Brewery, 352

Csoma de Ko˝rös, Sándor, 378

Cuban missile crisis (1962), 261, 504

Cuillier-Perron, Pierre, 220

Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), 397, 453, 472–3, 478–9

belt buckle beatings, 477

Jokhang and, 496–7

iconoclasm, 56, 71, 91, 453, 479

Mount Kailas and, 60

Nyemo revolt (1969), 478–9

Samye monastery and, 56

Sherab Gyatso, death of (1968), 496

struggle sessions, 473

White Stupa and, 91

Cuncolim Revolt (1583), 76

Cunningham, Alexander, 280, 281

Curzon, George, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, 375, 386–7

Chandra Shamsher, relationship with, 387–8, 396, 444

Everest expeditions, 375, 395, 396, 400, 401

Nepal visit (1901), 387–8

resignation (1905), 393, 395

Russia, relations with, 388, 389

Trisul expedition (1907), 367, 395

Younghusband expedition (1903–1904), 375, 390–91, 392

D’Oyly, Charles and Elizabeth, 241

Daba, Tibet, 274–5, 277

Dacca, Bengal, 212, 453

Dadu, Yuan Empire, 90, 92

Dahachok, Nepal, 121

Dahal, Prakash, 525

Dahal, Pushpa Kamal, 525

Daily Mail, 392

Daily Telegraph, 358, 519

dakini, 473

Dakota aircraft, 470

Dal Mardan Shah, King of Patan, 118

Dalai Lamas, 39, 47, 56, 73, 133, 172

1st Gedun Drub, 132–3

2nd Gedun Gyatso, 133

3rd Sonam Gyatso, 133

4th Yonten Gyatso, 133–4

5th Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso, 83, 94, 134–5, 161, 210

6th Tsangyang Gyatso, 135

7th Kelzang Gyatso, 203, 305, 306, 376

8th Jamphel Gyatso, 98, 129, 145, 167, 169, 201

9th Lungtok Gyatso, 290, 292, 293, 300, 377

11th Khedrup Gyatso, 297–8

12th Trinley Gyatso, 287, 381, 388

13th Thubten Gyatso, see Thubten Gyatso

14th Tenzin Gyatso, see Tenzin Gyatso

Daldowie, Scotland, 140

Dalgleish, Andrew, 380

Dalhousie, Lord, see Broun-Ramsay, James

Dalrymple, Alexander, 211

Dämon des Himalaya, Der, 410

Danapur Treaty (1801), 173, 185, 217

Daoguang, Qing Emperor, 279, 282

Darchen, Tibet, 60

Darjeeling, Bengal, 226, 237, 341–3

Bhotia Boarding School, 289

British lease of (1835), 335

Calcutta’s summer capital, 342

Chushi Gangdruk in, 506

Dalai Lama in (1910–1913), 397, 398

Das in, 289

ethnic groups in, 342

Gajraj Singh Thapa in, 238–9

Gorkhaland, 18

Himalayan Research Institute, 432

Hodgson in, 333–4

Hooker in, 333–4, 336

Kishen Singh in, 288

Nepali migration to, 524

potatoes in, 328

St Joseph’s college, 342, 442

St Paul’s school, 342

Taylor in, 311

tea plantations, 239, 241, 335–6, 341–3

workers in, 342

World War II (1939–1945), 447

Dartsedu, see Kangding

Darwin, Charles, 268, 325, 326, 330, 351, 353

Das, Sarat Chandra, 289, 337, 385, 406 Dasang Damdul, see Tsarong Shap-pe

Dasnami, 136

Dattatreya, 15

Daumal, René, 321

David, Armand, 344–5

David-Néel, Alexandra, 313, 408

Davidia, 345

Davidia involucrata, 346

Davidson, William Edward, 362, 363

Davis, John, 282

Davis, Samuel, 150

Dayal, Harishwar, 490, 495

Dayal, Leela Row, 490

Daybul, 157

‘Deconstructing the Map’ (Harley), 210

deer, 29, 40, 41, 156–8, 190

Dehra Dun, Garhwal, 235, 270, 286, 287, 352, 442, 455, 456

Delavay, Jean-Marie, 345

Delhi

Aufschnaiter in, 459

British embassy, 460

Durbar (1903), 389

flooding in, 1

French embassy, 463

Hawley in, 501

Hodgson in (1819), 175

Metcalfe’s residency (1811–1818), 191

Ochterlony’s residency (1818–1820), 175

Partition (1947), 442

Siege (1804), 176

Siege (1857), 227, 228, 231, 234, 235

Smyth, 283

United States embassy, 504

Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526), 86, 113

Della Penna, Francesco Orazio, 305, 307

Deluc, Jean-André, 218

Deng Xiaoping, 488

Denisovans, 37

Dent du Géant, Alps, 355

Deosai plateau, 360

Derge Kingdom (c. 1400s–1956), 397 Desideri, Ippolito

in Kathmandu (1721), 95–9

at Lake Manasarovar (1715), 59

in Lhasa (1716–21), 95, 135, 161, 205, 303–4, 306

at Mayum La (1715), 59

on smallpox, 297

Van de Putte and, 205, 207

Detailed Description of the World, The (Jampel Chokyi), 300–303

Deuba, Sher Bahadur, 109

Deutsche Himalaja-Stiftung, 428

Deutscher und Österreichischer Alpenverein, 424–5, 426

Devbhumi, 7

Devies, Lucien, 463

Dhaka, Bangladesh, 212, 453

Dhanvantari, 15

Dharendra Narayan, Raja of Cooch Behar, 138

dharma, 46, 56, 66, 70, 73, 132, 215

dharma kings, 47, 54, 63, 304, 334

Dhaulagiri, 219, 223, 224, 462

Dhauli river, 271

Diaghilev, Sergei, 431, 469

Diamond Sutra, 44–5

Dickens, Charles, 350

Digby, William, 377

Dilli Bazar, Kathmandu, 500

Dilthey, Wilhelm, 426

Dindun, Tibet, 65

Dipendra Bir Bikram, Crown Prince of Nepal, 513, 516

Discovery, 366

Dittert, René, 441, 464

Divya Upadesh (Prithvi Narayan), 115, 118, 121, 163–4

Dixit, Kamal Mani, 467–8

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 32, 37–8

Dogra-Tibetan War (1841–1842), 279–80

Dogras, 278, 279

Doig, Desmond, 109

Dolan, Brooke, 433, 492

dolphins, 29

Domitian, Roman Emperor, 40

Domvile, Barry, 433

Dondrub Rinchen, 131

Dorje Khatri, 523

Dorje Lhakpa, 80, 217

Dorzhiev, Agvan, 389, 393, 394, 434

Douglas-Hamilton, Douglas, 14th Duke of Hamilton, 422–3

Douglas-Home, Alec, 514

dove tree, 346

Doyle, Arthur Conan, 318

Drakyap monastery, Derge, 397

Drapchi prison, Lhasa, 475–8

Dreamworld Tibet (Brauen), 317

Drepung monastery, Lhasa, 132, 134, 135, 402, 455, 483

Drexler, Alfred, 427

Drigum, 47

Drogon Chogyal Phagpa, 88–91, 130

Dromton, 72, 73

Drowa Gon, Tibet, 131

Drubchen Namkha Gyeltsen, 131

Drubya Shah, King of Gorkha, 114

Druk lineage, 143, 144, 161

Drummond, Robert, 284

Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste, 202, 203, 204

Dubernard, Jules, 346

Dudh Kosi, 396

Dufaycolor, 435

Duff, Antony, 519

Dufferin, Lord, see Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Frederick

Dullu, Nepal, 111

Dunagiri, 356

Dundas, Henry, 140

Dungan Revolt (1895–1896), 312

Dunhuang, Gansu, 42–54, 55, 61, 62, 65, 69, 74, 157, 288, 484

Dunn, Cyril, 501

Durango, Mexico, 357

Durbar Square, Kathmandu, 96

Durrell, Lawrence 342

Dutch Republic (1581–1795), 206

Anglo-Dutch War, Second (1665–1667), 206

Cochin colony (1661–1795), 207

East India Company, 93, 127, 191, 207, 208

East Indies colonies (1603–1949), 93, 127, 191, 207, 208

Dyhrenfurth, Günter, 409–10, 425, 426, 427, 441

Dyhrenfurth, Hettie, 409–10, 417, 426, 441

Dyhrenfurth, Norman, 410

Dylan, Robert ‘Bob’, 1

dysentery, 14, 93, 219, 315

Dza Chu river, 40

dzong, 130, 144, 145

Dzungar Khanate (1634–1755), 135–6, 161, 204, 299, 305

Earhart, Amelia, 421

earthquakes, 29

1505 30

1255 30, 89

2015 100, 151

East India Company, British, 92, 117, 123–5, 375–6

Afghan War, First (1839–42), 247

Battle of Buxar (1764), 211

Battle of Plassey (1757), 123, 149

Bogle mission (1774), see Bogle, George

China, trade with, 127–8, 170, 172

cartography, 211–26

Cooch Behar conflict (1773), 138–9

Darjeeling lease (1835), 335

famine (1769), 125

Haileybury College, 175, 239, 240–41

Hooker’s voyage (1848–1849), 326, 334–9

Java invasion (1811), 191

Kinloch expedition (1767), 123–5, 149, 189, 214

Kirkpatrick mission (1792–1793), 98–100, 166, 171, 172, 181, 327

Macartney Mission (1793), 170, 172

Manning mission (1811–12), 292–4, 303

Maratha War, Second (1803–1805), 173, 176, 185

Mir Qasim, relations with, 122

Mysore War, Second (1780–1784), 176

Nepalese War (1814–1816), 16–17, 183–200, 335

Opium War, First (1839–1842), 247, 282, 308, 490

Rebellion (1857–1858), see Indian Rebellion

Regulating Act (1773), 127, 140

Residents in Nepal, see British Residents in Nepal

Sino-Nepalese War (1788–1792), 168, 170, 171, 172, 186

taxation, 181–3, 198

tea trade, 127, 329–32, 333

Treaty of Danapur (1801), 173, 185, 217

Treaty of Sagauli (1816), 195, 196, 198, 236, 239, 260, 263, 279, 376

Treaty of Titalia (1817), 335

Turner mission (1783), 148–9, 150, 327

Vellore mutiny (1806), 191

wool trade, 77, 270, 272, 276–9, 281–2

East India Company, Dutch, 207

Eckenstein, Oscar, 359, 365

Ecuador, 216

Eden, 75, 78, 79

Eden, Ashley, 150, 383

Eden, Emily, 229

Eden, William, 4th Baron Auckland, 229, 246, 247, 248

Edinburgh News, 257

Edinburgh Review, 176

Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom, 260, 315

Egypt, 254, 501

Eiger, Swiss Alps, 350, 356, 364, 425

elephants, 29, 99, 124, 175, 194, 235, 249, 514

Elizabeth I, Queen of England and Ireland, 92

Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom, 342, 466, 513–14 Ellenborough, Lord, see Law, Edward

Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Gilbert, 1st Earl of Minto, 291, 397–8

Elwes, Henry John, 337, 344

Encyclopaedia of Sport, 358

Endeavour, 141, 322

Enlightenment, 95, 140, 424

Epic of Everest, The, 407, 411

Erebus, 325, 326

erosion, 23–4, 26

Ertl, Hans, 410, 424

Ethiopia, 32

Evans-Wentz, Walter, 430

Evans, Charles, 466

Ever Wrest, 420

Everest, George, 225–6, 352, 421–2

Evola, Julius, 451

Explanation of Shambhala, The (Lobsang Palden Yeshe), 209–10

‘Explorer, The’ (Kipling), 9

Falconer, Hugh, 329–30, 333, 336

Family Circle, 443

famines, 125

fan palms, 340

Fane, Henry, 238

Farrer, Reginald, 346–8

fascism, 410, 422, 451–2, 454

see also Nazi Germany

Fatehpur, Bihar, 230

Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (2008–), 107–9, 151–2, 520–25

elections, 525

OceanofPDF.com

Everest avalanche (2014), 520–25

railways, 151–2

migrant labour, 524

Fellowes, Peregrine, 422, 423

Fenimore Cooper, James, 295

Fidai Khan, 161

Filimonov, Lev, 508

Filippani-Ronconi, Pio, 452

de Filippi, Filippo, 366

Finland, 394

Finsterwalder, Richard, 426

Fitch, Walter Hood, 339

Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (1954), 502, 503

flat earth cosmography, 296, 297, 455, 485

Fletcher, William, 314

floods, 29–30

Flora Antarctica (Hooker), 326

flywhisks, 40, 99, 156

folates, 33

football, 403, 436

Forbes, Duncan, 164

Ford, Robert, 491

Forests of Upper India, The (Webber), 284

Forman, Harrison, 430

Formichi, Carlo, 451

Forrest, George, 346, 347

Forster, George, 177

Fort Cornelis, Java, 191

Fort William College, Calcutta, 176, 241

Fortune, 501

Fortune, Robert, 340–41, 343

fossils, 12, 22, 25, 38, 330

Four Days’ Battle (1666), 206

Four Rivers, Six Ranges, 495

Fox, Reginald, 491

France

Académie Royale des Sciences, 202, 215–16

Annapurna expedition (1950), 462–4

Battle of Plassey (1757), 123, 149

cartography, 202, 215–16

Huc mission (1844–1846), 297–8, 307–9, 379

Java conflict (1811), 191

Napoleonic Code (1804), 258

Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), 240, 277

racialism in, 102–4

Renou mission (1854), 309

Revolution (1789), 108

Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802), 291

Rubruck’s voyage (1253–1255), 75

Seven Years’ War (1756–1763), 123, 149, 211

Société des Missions Étrangères, 309–10

Treaty of Amiens (1802), 291

Treaty of Tianjin (1858), 283, 309

wool trade, 276

Franchet, Adrien, 345

Francis of Assisi, Saint, 75

Franciscans, 75

Franklin, John, 295

Fraser, James Baillie, 222

Freikorps, 425

French, Patrick, 372, 482

Freshfield, Douglas, 357, 358, 362, 364, 366, 375

Freud, Sigmund, 430

Freyre, Manuel, 59

Friendship Highway, 515, 519

Froelich, Philip, 27

Fuchs, Vivian, 518

Fuk’anggan, 164, 170, 172, 187

von Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph, 154, 522

G219 highway, 58, 59, 63, 506

Gabet, Joseph, 297, 307, 308

Galbraith, Kenneth, 469, 504–5

Gallipoli campaign (1915–1916), 404, 444

Gamron, Persia, 207

Ganden monastery, Lhasa, 132, 134, 455, 475

Ganden Phodrang Tibet (1642–1959), 135

Aufschnaiter in (1944–1952), 456–7

Bailey’s visit (1924), 404

Bernard’s visit (1936–1937), 443

Bogle mission (1774), see Bogle, George

Bower’s voyage (1891–1892), 380

Capuchins in, 95, 143, 205, 208, 303–7, 309

Chinese invasion (1930–1932), 411, 438, 487

Chinese annexation (1950–1951), see Annexation of Tibet

communists in, 487–8, 489

Cooch Behar conflict (1772–1773), 138–9

coup attempt (1924), 406–8

Dalai Lama, see Dalai Lama

David-Néel’s visit (1924), 313

Desideri in (1716–21), 95, 135, 161, 205, 303–4

Dogra War (1841–1842), 279–80, 391

Dubernard in (1864–1905), 346

ethnic groups in, 296, 306

Farrer expedition (1914–1916), 346–8

Gould mission (1936), 435–6, 491

Grueber’s visit (1661), 94, 158–9

Harrer in (1944–1951), 456

Huc’s visit (1846), 297–8, 307–9, 379

Jesuits in, see Jesuits

Joughayetsi in (1686–91), 158–63

kashag, 136, 437, 483, 489, 490, 495

Kawaguchi’s voyage (1900–1902), 394–5

Kingdon-Ward in (1913–1925), 321, 348

Kishen Singh’s voyage (1878–1882), 288

Ladakh boundary commissions (1846–7), 280–81

Ladakh–Mughal War (1679–84), 161

Lhasa Uprising (1959), 472, 475, 501, 502, 503, 509, 518, 519

Littledale’s visit (1895), 314–16

Longstaff expedition (1905), 367

Ludlow’s school (1923–1926), 403, 407

Macaulay mission (1885–1886), 384–5

Manning’s visit (1811–12), 292–4, 303

McGovern’s visit (1923), 405–6

minting of currency, 83, 121, 163, 168, 169

Moorcroft expedition (1812), 268–78, 295, 327

Nain Singh’s visits (1865–1867), 287–8

Nepalese War (1788–1792), 98, 164–5, 168–72, 177, 185, 186, 292, 381

Nepalese War (1855–1856), 258–9, 377, 380

OSS mission (1942), 433, 492–3

Panchen Lama, see Panchen Lama

Pereira’s visit (1922), 405

Phari raid (1883), 384

Purdom in (1909–1916), 346–7

Rebellion (1905), 346, 396–7

Reid’s visit (1949), 492

Richardson in, see Richardson, Hugh

Rijnhart’s visit (1898), 313

Rockhill’s ambassadorship (1905–1909), 393–4, 492

Roerich expedition (1927–8), 431–2

Russia, relations with, 388–9, 393, 394, 398

Schäfer expedition (1938–1939), 433–4, 436

Schlagintweit expeditions (1854–1857), 352–5

Seventeen-Point Agreement (1951), 489

Sikkim occupation (1886–1888), 385, 386

Smyth’s visits, 283–5

Strachey’s visit (1846), 281

Strachey’s visit (1848), 353, 354

Tawang, ceding of (1914), 399, 402, 504

Taylor’s visit (1890), 311

Thomas’s visit (1949), 492

Tichy expedition (1935), 414

Treaty of Amritsar (1846), 280–81, 331

Treaty of Calcutta (1890), 311, 386

Treaty of Calcutta (1908), 397

Treaty of Kyirong (1789), 169

Treaty of Lhasa (1904), 393, 399

Treaty of Simla (1914), 400, 402, 459, 494

Treaty of Thapathali (1856), 377, 380, 388

Tsum documentary affair (1964), 519

Tucci in, see under Tucci, Giuseppe

Turner mission (1783), 148–9, 150

u lag, 306

UK/US trade mission (1948), 491

UN membership ambitions, 495

Van der Putte in (1728–1731), 208, 294

World War II (1939–1945), 492–4

Xinhai Revolution (1911–12), 398, 411

yarab choesang in, 304

Younghusband expedition (1903–1904), 288, 292, 311, 316, 367, 375,

390–93

Zhao’s invasion (1910), 397

Gandhara Empire (1500–535 BCE), 63

Gandhi, Indira, 516

Gandhi, Mohandas, 410, 412, 444

Ganga, 6–7, 16

Gangdise mountains, 21

Ganges river, 1, 6–7, 10, 28, 204, 211, 212

Gaumukh (cow’s mouth), 6, 16, 218, 222, 223

Rennell’s mapping of (1764), 212

Webb expedition (1807–8), 218–23, 266–7

Gangotri, Uttarakhand, 1, 6, 10, 14, 16, 19, 177, 222, 440–42

Gangtok, Sikkim, 386, 408

Gansser, Augusto, 25–6

Gansu, China, 37, 38

Dunhuang, 42–54, 55, 61, 62, 65, 69, 74, 157, 288, 484

Farrer in, 346–8

Purdom in, 346–7

rhubarb trade, 136

Rijnhart in, 312

Taylor in, 311

Gar Tongtsen, 49–50, 51, 52, 53

gardens, 343–4, 497

Gardner, Alexander, 268

Gardner, Edward, 197, 198, 242

Gardner, William, 194

Garhwal, 6, 16–17, 40

Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816), 195

Bhyundar valley, 418, 442

British rule (1816–1947), 195, 200, 233, 263, 284, 376

Gorkha rule (1804–1816), 174, 177, 187, 233, 266–7

Graham’s visit (1883), 355–6, 357

Hardwicke mission (1796), 326

Hinduism in, 12, 137

Indian rule (1947–), 262

Kamet, 76, 352, 354, 418, 440

Kedarnath, 10, 440–42

Khasa rule (c. 850s–1400), 111, 112

language, 265

Longstaff expeditions (1905; 1907), 367, 396

Moorcroft expedition (1812), 271

Nanda Devi, see Nanda Devi

Rohilla invasions (1744–8), 16

Shipton-Tilman expedition (1934), 412–16, 461

Smythe’s visit (1937), 418, 442

Swiss expedition (1947), 440–42, 464

Treaty of Sagauli (1816), 195, 263, 376

Webb expedition (1807–8), 266–7

Garhwali language, 265

Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria, 410

Gartok, Tibet, 264

Chinese troops in, 503

Schlagintweit brothers in, 353

wool trade, 154, 276–7, 278, 279, 281–2

Garu nunnery, Lhasa, 473, 474, 475

Garuda, 65

Gaubil, Antoine, 204

Gaumont British Films, 423

Gaumukh, 6, 16, 218, 222, 223

Gawler, John Cox, 383

Geden Choeling, Sichuan, 480

Gedun Drub, 1st Dalai Lama, 132–3

Gedun Gyatso, 2nd Dalai Lama, 133

Geertz, Clifford, 96

Gelder, Stuart, 456

Geluk school, 73, 126, 129–36

Druk, relations with, 161

Ganden Phodrang (1642–1959), 135–6, 209, 300

Guge Kingdom (c. 967–1680), 73, 74, 83

Mongols and, 133–4, 144, 393

Nazi Germany and, 432

Nyingma school, relations with, 437

Phagmodrupa dynasty (1354–1618), 130–34, 144

Sho Dun festival, 474

Gemelli Careri, Giovanni Francesco, 206, 207

Gendun Chopel, 297, 483–7, 489

General Electric, 457, 492

genetics, 32–9

Gentile, Giovanni, 451

geodesy, 225

Geographical Journal, 314

Geographical Society, 268

Geological Survey of India, 30

Geology of the Himalaya (Gansser), 25

George III, King of the United Kingdom, 322

George V, King of the United Kingdom, 445

geraniums, 497

Gerard, Alexander and James, 224

Gergan ‘Khunu’ Tharchin, 455, 482, 484, 485, 488, 489

Germany, 409–10, 424–9, 432–4

Ahnenerbe, 433

Berlin Olympics (1936), 409, 410, 423, 427

Deutsche Himalaja-Stiftung, 428

Deutscher und Österreichischer Alpenverein, 424–5, 426

Dyhrenfurth expedition (1930), 409–10, 425, 427

Freikorps, 425

Geluk monks in, 432

Gleichschaltung, 424, 425

Holocaust (1941–1945), 433, 434

Jews, persecution of, 104, 409, 425, 426, 433, 434

Kangchenjunga expedition (1931), 425–6

Nanga Parbat expeditions, 426–7, 428, 455

Schäfer expedition (1938–1939), 433–4, 436

Siniolchu expedition (1936), 428

World War II (1939–1945), 318, 447, 469

Gesar, 478

gharial, 29

Ghastoli, Uttarakhand, 440

Gholam Hyder Khan, 270

Ghunsa valley, 337

giant pandas, 345

Gibbs and Peek Brothers, 332

Gibraltar, 254

Gibson, Jack, 443

Gilgit, 30

Gillespie, Robert Rollo, 191–2, 194, 200

Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, 75

Gippenreiter, Evgeny, 510

giraffes, 302

Giro del mondo (Gemelli Careri), 206

Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah, King of Nepal, 184, 187–8, 196, 246

Glacial Lake Outburst Floods, 29

glaciers, 3, 6

Baltoro, 359

Biafo, 359

climate change and, 29

Gangotri, 6, 19

Hispar, 359

Kalindi, 440

Khumbu, 464, 521

Milam, 261

Pindarim, 353

Rongbuk, 417, 420, 457, 509

Siachen, 366

Gladstone, William, 349

Glamaig, Isle of Skye, 444

Glasgow University, 323

Gleichschaltung, 424, 425

Glenburn, Darjeeling, 342

gneiss, 24, 25

Goa, 76, 77, 93, 96

goats, 14, 40, 154

Bogle mission (1774), 129

Chang Tang, 154, 276

Gartok trade, 154, 276

Kirkpatrick mission (1792–1793), 99

Ladakh trade, 77, 161

Moorcroft expedition (1812), 270, 271, 272, 276

Neolithic period, 40

Webb expedition (1807–8), 221

Gobi Desert, 36, 42

Godan, 88

von Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 214

gold, 18, 40, 123, 138, 156

British Empire and, 123

Ganden Phodrang and, 128, 138

Guge Kingdom and, 70, 71, 87, 112

Khasa Kingdom and, 112

Kumaon, smelting in, 264

Nirupa story, 158

Zhang Zhung Kingdom and, 64

Golden Throne, 359

Golden Urn, 293, 389

Goldie, George, 395

Gonbo Tashi, 506

Gonbu, 510

Gondwana, 21, 23

Goosson, Stephen, 429

Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 181, 193, 219

Gordana Khan, 268

Gori river, 261, 265

Goring La, 315

Gorkha, Nepal, 110, 111, 113

Gorkha Kingdom (1559–2008)

agrarian-military complex, 120

Aufschnaiter’s visit (1952), 458

Bailey in (1935–1938), 408

Bhandarkhal massacre (1806), 174, 183, 249

Biratnagar Jute Mill Strike (1947), 449

British residents in, see British residents in Nepal

British War (1814–1816), 16–17, 183–200, 335

Burkill’s visit (1907), 344

Chhetris, 113–14, 155, 186, 233, 449

China, relations with, 380–81, 460, 506–7, 510–11, 514, 519

Chushi Gangdruk in, 506, 511, 515, 519

Communist Party, 108, 109, 511, 515

Cooch Behar conflict (1772–3), 138

coup d’état (1960), 500, 512, 513, 514

Curzon’s visit (1901), 387–8

Desideri’s visit (1721), 95–8

education in, 259, 387, 445, 448, 449

electricity in, 447, 448

Elizabeth II’s visit (1961), 513–14

emigration, 522, 524

Everest expedition (1953), 467–8

Garhwal, conquest of (1804), 174, 177

general election (1959), 460, 501

Gorkha Parishad, 511

Hawley in (1959–2018), 500–502, 514, 516, 521