Notas

 

INTRODUÇÃO: SOBRE O QUE É ESTE LIVRO

1. Fugindo do inferno (Estados Unidos, 1963). Dirigido por John Sturges, com Steve McQueen, James Garner e Richard Attenborough. Produzido por The Mirisch Company e distribuído pela United Artists. Baseado no livro The Great Escape, de Paul Brickhill.

2. Pritchett, L. “Divergence, Big Time”, Journal of Economic Perspectives II(3), 1997, 3-II, e Pomeranz, K. The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the making of world economy. Princeton University Press, 2000.

3. Goldstone, J. Why Europe? The rise of the West in world history, 1500-1850. McGraw-Hill, 2009.

4. Morris, I. Why the West rules — for now: The patterns of history, and what they reveal about the future. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010.

5. Ibid.

6. Jones, E. L. Growth recurring: Economic change in world history. University of Michigan Press, 2000.

7. Allen, R. Global economic history: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press, 2011.

8. Acemoğlu, D. e Robinson, J. Por que as nações fracassam. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2012.

9. Browne, E. J. Charles Darwin — Volume 2: o poder do lugar. São Paulo: Unesp, 2011.

10. Allen, Global economic history.

11. Porter, R. The creation of the modern world: The untold story of the British Enlightenment. Norton, 2000, e Mokyr, J. The enlightened economy: An economic history of Britain, 1700-1850. Yale University Press, 2009.

12. Morris, Why the West rules.

13. Acemoğlu e Robinson, Por que as nações fracassam.

14. Sen, A. Desigualdade reexaminada. Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2001, e A ideia de justiça. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2011.

15. Sen, A ideia de justiça, e Haidt, J. The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. Pantheon, 2012.

16. Kahneman, D. e Riis, J. “Living, and thinking about it: Two perspectives on life”, em Huppert, F., Baylis, N. e Kaverne, B. (orgs.). The science of well-being. Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 285-304.

17. Inglehart, R. e Klingemann, H. D. “Genes, culture, democracy and happiness”, em Diener, E. e Suh, E. M. (orgs.). Culture and subjective well-being, MIT Press, 2000, pp. 165-83; Layard, R. Happiness: Lessons from a new science. Penguin, 2005; e Wilkinson, R. e Pickett, K. The spirit level: Why greater equality makes societies stronger. Bloomsbury, 2009.

CAPÍTULO UM: O BEM-ESTAR DO MUNDO

1. Para um cálculo relacionado a este, ver Vaupel, J. e Owen, J. M. “Anna’s life expectancy”, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 5(2), 1986, pp. 383-89.

2. Allen, R. C., Murphy, T. E. e Schneider, E. “The colonial origins of the divergence in the Americas: A labor market approach”, Journal of Economic History 72(4), 2012, pp. 863-94.

3. Sen, A. Desenvolvimento como liberdade. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2000.

4. Layard, Happiness.

5. Preston, S. “The changing relation between mortality and level of economic development”, Population Studies 29(2), 1975, pp. 231-48.

6. Wilkinson e Pickett, Spirit Level, p. 12, e Wilkinson, R. “The epidemiological transition: From material scarcity to social disadvantage”, Daedalus 123, 1994, pp. 61-77.

7. Brainerd, E. e Cutler, D. M. “Autopsy on an empire: The mortality crisis in Russia and the former Soviet Union”, Journal of Economic Perspectives 19(1), 2005, pp. 107-30, e Bhattacharya, J., Gathmann, C. e Miller, G. “The Gorbachev anti-alcohol campaign and Russia’s mortality crisis”, American Economic Journal: Applied 5(2), 2013, pp. 232-60.

8. Fogel, R. W. The escape from hunger and premature death, 1700 to 2100: Europe, America and the Third World. Cambridge University Press, 2004, e “New findings on secular trends in nutrition and mortality: Some implications for population theory”, em Rosenzweig, M. R. e Stark, O. (orgs.) Handbook of population and family economics. Elsevier, 1997, pp. 433-81.

9. Sen, Desenvolvimento como liberdade.

10. Jisheng, Y. Tombstone: The great Chinese famine, 1958-62. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012.

11. Coale, A. J. Rapid population change in China, 1952-1982. National Academy Press, 1984; e Gráda, C. Ó. Famine: A short history. Princeton University Press, 2009.

12. Preston, “The changing relation between mortality and level of economic development”.

13. Fischer, S. “Globalization and its challenges”, American Economic Review 93(2), 2003, pp. 1-30.

14. Ravallion, M. e Chen, S. “The developing world is poorer than we thought, but no less successful in the fight against poverty”, Quarterly Journal of Economics 125(4), 2010, pp. 1577-625. Atualização de 2008: “An update to the World Bank’s estimates of consumption poverty in the developing world”. Disponível em:

<http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVCALNET/Resourc

es/Global_Poverty_Update_2012_02-29-12.pdf>

15. Kenny, C. Getting better. Basic Books, 2011.

16. Stiglitz, J. E., Sen, A. e Fitoussi, J. P. Report of the commission on the measurement of economic performance and social progress, 2009.

17. Wierzbicka, A. “‘Happiness’ in cross-linguistic and cross-cultural perspective”, Daedalus 133(2), 1994, pp. 34-43, e Diener, E. e Suh, E. M. Culture and subjective well-being. MIT Press, 2000.

18. Sen, A. Commodities and capabilities. Elsevier, 1985; Sobre ética e economia. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1999; e A ideia de justiça. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2011.

19. Nussbaum, M. C. “Who is the happy warrior? Philosophy poses questions to psychology”, Journal of Legal Studies 37(S2), 2008, pp. S81-S113.

20. Easterlin, R. A. “Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence” em David, P. e Reder, M. (orgs.). Nations and households in economic growth: Essays in honor of Moses Abramovitz, Academic Press, 1974, pp. 89-125, e “Will raising the incomes of all increase the happiness of all?”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 27(1), 1995, pp. 35-47.

21. Stevenson, B. e Wolfers, J. “Economic growth and subjective well-being: Reassessing the Easterlin paradox”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (Primavera), 2008, pp. 1-86; e Sacks, D. W., Stevenson, B. e Wolfers, J. “Subjective well-being, income, economic development and growth”, em Booth, P. (org.). And the pursuit of happiness, Institute for Economic Affairs. 2012, pp. 59-97.

22. Deaton, A. “Income, health, and well-being around the world: Evidence from the Gallup World Poll”, Journal of Economic Perspectives 22(2), 2008, pp. 52-72.

23. Kahneman, D. e Deaton, A. “High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(38), 2010, pp. 16489-93.

24. Thomas, K. The ends of life: Roads to fulfilment in early modern England. Oxford University Press, 2009.

25. Smith, A. Teoria dos sentimentos morais. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1999.

26. Bloom, D. E. “7 billion and counting”, Science 333 (29 de julho), 2011, pp. 562-68.

CAPÍTULO DOIS: DA PRÉ-HISTÓRIA A 1945

1. Ver Livi-Bacci, M. A concise history of world population. Blackwell, 2001, 3ª ed.; Riley, J. C. Rising life expectancy: A global history. Cambridge University Press, 2001, e Harrison, M. Disease and the modern world. Polity Press, 2004.

2. Dados obtidos no Human Mortality Database. Disponível

em: <www.mortality.org/>

3. O relato baseia-se em Barker, G. The agricultural revolution in prehistory: Why did foragers become farmers? Oxford University Press, 2006, e Cohen, M. N. Health and the rise of civilization. Yale University Press, 1991. Ver também Morris, Why the West rules.

4. Erdal, D. e Whiten, A. “Egalitarianism and Machiavellian intelligence in human evolution”, in Mellars, P. e Gibson, K. (orgs.) Modelling the early human mind. McDonald Institute Monographs, 1996, pp. 139-50.

5. Sahlins, M. Stone age economics. Transaction, 1972.

6. Cohen, Health and the rise of civilization, p. 141.

7. Ibid., p. 30.

8. Boserup, E. The conditions of agricultural growth. Transaction, 2005 (1965).

9. Morris, Why the West rules, p. 107.

10. Larsen, C. S. “Biological changes in human populations with agriculture”, Annual Review of Anthropology 24, 1995, pp. 185-213.

11. Broome, J. Weighing lives. Oxford University Press, 2006.

12. Wrigley, E. A. e Schofield, R. S. Population history of England, 1541-1871. Harvard University Press, 1981, e Wrigley, E. A., Davies, R. S., Oeppen, J. E. e Schofield, R. S. English population history from family reconstitution 1580-1837. Cambridge University Press, 1997.

13. Hollingsworth, T. “The demography of the British peerage”, Population Studies 18(2), 1964, Supplement, pp. 52-70.

14. Harris, B. “Public health, nutrition and the decline of mortality: The McKeown thesis revisited”, Social History of Medicine 17(3), 2004, pp. 379-407.

15. Livi-Bacci, M. Population and nutrition: An essay on European demographic history. Cambridge University Press, 1991.

16. Porter, R. The creation of the modern world: The untold history of the British Enlightenment. Norton, 2000.

17. Thomas, The ends of life, p. 15.

18. Razzell, P. The conquest of smallpox. Caliban, 1997.

19. Disponível em:

<www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/smallpox/sp_variolation.html>

20. Johansson, S. R. “Medics, monarchs and mortality, 1600-1800: Origins of the knowledge-driven health transition in Europe”, 2010. Disponível em:

<http://ssrn.com/abstract=1661453>

21. McKeown, T. The modern rise of population. London: Arnold, 1976, e The origins of human disease. Wiley-Blackwell, 1981.

22. McKeown, T. The role of medicine: Dream, mirage, or nemesis? Princeton University Press, 1980.

23. Fogel, R. W. “Economic growth, population theory, and physiology: The bearing of long-term processes on the making of economic policy”, American Economic Review 84(3), 1994, pp. 369-95, e Fogel, R. W. e Costa, D. L. “A theory of technophysio evolution, with some implications for forecasting population, health care costs, and pension costs”, Demography 34(1), 1997, pp. 49-66.

24. Easterlin, R. “How beneficent is the market? A look at the modern history of mortality”, European Review of Economic History 3, 1999, pp. 257-94.

25. Livi-Bacci, Population and nutrition.

26. Preston, S. J. “American longevity: Past, present, and future”, Center for Policy Research, Maxwell School, Syracuse University, Paper 36, 1996. Disponível em:

<http://surface.syr.edu/cpr/36>

27. Rosen, G. A history of public health. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.

28. Snow, J. Sobre a maneira de transmissão do cólera. São Paulo: Hucitec Editora, 1999. Ver também Johnson, S. O mapa fantasma — como a luta de dois homens contra o cólera mudou o destino de nossas metrópoles. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 2008.

29. Freedman, D. A. “Statistical analysis and shoe leather”, Sociological Methodology 21, 1991, pp. 291-313.

30. Tomes, N. The gospel of germs: Men, women, and the microbe in American life. Harvard University Press, 1999.

31. Morabia, A. “Epidemiologic interactions, complexity, and the lonesome death of Max von Pettenkofer”, American Journal of Epidemiology 166(11), 2007, pp. 1233-38.

32. Szreter, S. “The importance of social intervention in Britain’s mortality decline c. 1850-1914: A reinterpretation of the role of public health”, Social History of Medicine 1(1), 1988, pp. 1-36.

33. Tomes, The gospel of germs, e Mokyr, J. The gifts of Athena: Historical origins of the knowledge economy. Princeton University Press, 2004.

34. Preston, S. J. e Haines, M. Fatal years: Child mortality in late nineteenth-century America. Princeton University Press, 1991.

35. Markel, H. When germs travel: Six major epidemics that have invaded America and the fears they have unleashed. Vintage, 2005.

36. Kozel, V. e Parker, B. “Health situation assessment report: Chitrakot district”, Banco Mundial, s.d., não publicado.

CAPÍTULO TRÊS: A FUGA DA MORTE NOS TRÓPICOS

1. Gwatkin, D. R. “Indications of change in developing country mortality trends: The end of an era?”, Population and Development Review 6(4), 1980, pp. 615-44.

2. “Water with sugar and salt”, The Lancet, 5 de agosto de 1978, p. 300-301; citação na p. 300.

3. Preston, “The changing relation between mortality and level of economic development”.

4. Horn, J. H. Away with all pests: An English surgeon in the People’s Republic of China, 1954-1969. Monthly Review Press, 1970.

5. Drèze, J. e Sen, A. India: Development and participation. Oxford, 2002.

6. Deaton, “Income, health, and well-being around the world”.

7. Chaudhury, N., Hammer, J., Kremer, M., Muralidharan, K. e Rogers, F. H. “Missing in action: Teacher and health worker absence in developing countries”, Journal of Economic Perspectives 20(1), 2006, pp. 91-116.

CAPÍTULO QUATRO: SAÚDE NO MUNDO MODERNO

1. Para muitos dos temas discutidos neste capítulo, ver Crimmins, E. M., Preston, S. H. e Cohen, B. Explaining divergent levels of longevity in high-income countries. National Academies Press, 2011.

2. Estes e outros dados sobre fumo estão compilados por P. N. Lee Statistics and Computing Ltd. em seu banco de dados International Mortality and Smoking Statistics. Disponível em:

<www.pnlee.co.uk/imass.htm>

3. Tomes, The gospel of germs, e Mokyr, The gifts of Athena, em especial o Capítulo 5.

4. Gráficos baseados em cálculos do autor a partir de informações do banco de dados de mortalidade da Organização Mundial de Saúde.

5. Disponível em: <www.mskcc.org/cancer-

care/adult/lung/prediction-tools>

6. Crimmins, Preston e Cohen, Explaining divergent levels of longevity.

7. Disponível em:

<www.mayoclinic.com/health/diuretics/HI00030>

8. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group, “Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. II. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 90 through 114 mm Hg”, Journal of the American Medical Association 213(7), 1970. pp. 1143-52.

9. Ford, E. S., Ajani, U. A., Croft, J. B. et al. “Explaining the decrease in U.S. deaths from coronary disease, 1980-2000”, New England Journal of Medicine 356(23), 2007, pp. 2388-98.

10. Cutler, D. Your money or your life: Strong medicine for America’s health-care system. Oxford, 2005, e Cutler, D., Deaton, A. e Lleras-Muney, A. “The determinants of mortality”, Journal of Economic Perspectives 20(3), 2006, pp. 97-120.

11. Bailar III, J. C. e Smith, E. M. “Progress against cancer?”, New England Journal of Medicine 314(19), 1986, p. 1.226-32, e Bailar III, J. C. e Gornik, H. L. “Cancer undefeated”, New England Journal of Medicine 336(22), 1997, pp. 1569-74.

12. Cutler, D. M. “Are we finally winning the war on cancer?”, Journal of Economic Perspectives 22(4), 2008, pp. 3-26.

13. Bleyer, A. e Welch, H. G. “Effects of three decades of screening mammography on breast-cancer incidence”, New England Journal of Medicine 367(21), 2012, pp. 1998-2005.

14. Mukherjee, S. O imperador de todos os males. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2012.

15. Welch, H.G., Schwartz, L. e Woloshin, S. Overdiagnosed. Beacon Press, 2011.

16. Doblhammer, G. e Vaupel, J. W. “Lifespan depends on month of birth”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(5), 2001, pp. 2934-39.

17. Sobre minha experiência pessoal de substituição de quadril, ver

<www.princeton.edu/~deaton/downloads/letterfromamerica_ap

r2006_hip-op.pdf>

18. Aaron, H. e Schwartz, W. B. The painful prescription: Rationing hospital care. Brookings, 1984.

19. Timmins, N. “A NICE way of influencing health spending: A conversation with Sir Michael Rawlins”, Health Affairs 28(5), 2009, pp. 1360-65.

20. Disponível em: <www.dartmouthatlas.org/>. Ver também Wennberg, J. E. e Cooper, M. M. The quality of medical care in the United States: A report on the Medicare program. The Dartmouth atlas of healthcare 1999. American Hospital Association Press, 1999; Wennberg, J. E., Fisher, E. e Skinner, J. “Geography and the debate over Medicare reform”, Health Affairs, 2002, 96-114, DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.w2.96; e Baicker, K. e Chandra, A. “Medicare spending, the physician workforce, and beneficiaries’ quality of care”, Health Affairs Web Exclusive W4, 2004, 184-97, DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.W4.184.

21. Para um sumário breve e acessível, ver Emanuel, E. J. e Fuchs, V. R. “Who really pays for health care? The myth of shared responsibility’”, Journal of the American Medical Association 299(9), 2008, pp. 1.057-59. Ver também Gruber, J. “Health insurance and the labor market”, em Culyer, A. J. e Newhouse, J. P. (orgs.). Handbook of health economics. Elsevier, 2000, v.1, p. 645-706, e Baicker, K. e Chandra, A. “The labor market effects of rising health insurance premiums”, Journal of Labor Economics 24(3), 2006, pp. 609-34.

22. Fuchs, V. R. “The financial problems of the elderly: A holistic view”, in Altman, S. H. e Shactman, D. I. (orgs.). Policies for an aging society. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002, pp. 378-90.

23. Flegal, K. M., Graubard, B. I., Williamson, D. F. et al. “Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity”, Journal of the American Medical Association 293(15), 2003, pp. 1861-67; Gregg, E. W., Chen, Y. J., Caldwell, B. L. et al. “Secular trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors according to body mass index in US adults”, Journal of the American Medical Association, 293(15), 2005, pp. 1868-74; Olshansky, S. J., Passaro, D. J., Hershow, R. C. et al. “A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century”, New England Journal of Medicine 352(12), 2005, pp. 1138-45, e Mehta, N. K. e Chang, V. W. “Secular declines in the association between obesity and mortality in the United States”, Population and Development Review 37(3), 2011, pp. 435-51.

24. Oeppen, J. e Vaupel, J. W. “Broken limits to life expectancy”, Science 296 (May 10), 2002, pp. 1.029-31. Ver também Couzin-Frankel, J. “A pitched battle over life span”, Science 333 (29 de julho de 2011), pp. 549-50.

25. Morris, Why the West rules, citação na p. 296.

26. Crosby, A. W. The Columbian exchange: Biological and cultural consequences of 1492. Greenwood, [1973] 2003; Diamond, J. Armas, germes e aço: os destinos das sociedades humanas. Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2005, e Mann, C. C. 1493: como o intercâmbio entre o novo e o velho mundo moldou os dias de hoje. Rio de Janeiro: Verus, 2011.

27. Eveleth, P. B. e Tanner, J. M. Worldwide variation in human growth. Cambridge University Press, 1991, e Floud, R., Wachter, K. e Gregory, A. Height, health, and history: Nutritional status in the United Kingdom, 1750-1980. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

28. Case, A. C. e Paxson, C. H. “Stature and status: Height, ability, and labor market outcomes”, Journal of Political Economy 116(3), 2008, pp. 499-532.

29. Cole, T. J. “The secular trend in human physical growth: A biological view”, Economics and Human Biology 1(2), 2003, pp. 161-68.

30. Hatton T. J. e Bray, B. E. “Long-run trends in the heights of European men, 19th-20th centuries”, Economics and Human Biology 8(3), 2010, pp. 405-13.

31. Hatton, T. J. “How have Europeans grown so tall?”, Center for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) Discussion Paper DP8490, 2011. Disponível em:

<https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?

abstract_id=1897996>

32. Rosen, History of public health, p. 182.

33. Spears, D. “How much international variation in child height can sanitation explain?”, 2012. Disponível em:

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on.pdf.pdf>

34. Floud, Wachter e Gregory, Height, health and history.

35. Deaton, A. “Height, health, and inequality: The distribution of adult heights in India”, American Economic Review 98(2), 2008, pp. 468-74.

36. Subramanian, S. V., Özaltin, E. e Finlay, J. E. “Height of nations: A socioeconomic analysis of cohort differences and patterns among women in 54 low-to middle-income countries”, PLoS ONE 6(4), 2011, e18962.

 

CAPÍTULO CINCO: BEM-ESTAR MATERIAL NOS ESTADOS

UNIDOS

1. Pritchett, L. “Divergence, big time”, Journal of Economic Perspectives 11(3), 1997, pp. 3-17.

2. Bourguignon, F. e Morrisson, C. “Inequality among world citizens: 1820-1992”, American Economic Review 92(4), 2002, pp. 727-44.

3. Estes números, e os da Figura 1, foram obtidos em

<www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?

ReqID=9&step=1#reqid=9&step=3&isuri=1&903=264>

4. Nordhaus, W. e Tobin, J. “Is growth obsolete?”, Economic Research: Retrospect and prospect, Volume 5: Economic growth, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1972, pp. 1-80.

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6. Citro, C. F. e Michael, R. T. Measuring poverty: A new approach. National Academies Press, 1995.

7. Sen, A. K. “Poor, relatively speaking”, Oxford Economic Papers, New Series 35(2), 1983, pp. 153-69.

8. O Census Bureau mantém um site com dados das medidas experimentais. Disponível em:

<www.census.gov/hhes/povmeas/>

9. Meyer, B. D. e Sullivan, J. X. “Winning the war: Poverty from the Great Society to the Great Recession”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, outono, 2012, pp. 133-200.

10. Johnson, D. S. e Smeeding, T. M. “A consumer’s guide to interpreting various U.S. poverty measures”, Fast Focus 14, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 2012.

11. Scott, J. C. Seeing like a state: How certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed. Yale University Press, 1999.

12. Tinbergen, J. “Substitution of graduate by other labour”, Kyklos 27(2), 1974, pp. 217-26.

13. Katz, L. F. e Goldin, C. The race between education and technology. Belknap, 2010.

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15. Acemoğlu, D. “Technical change, inequality, and the labor market,” Journal of Economic Literature 40(1), 2002, pp. 7-72.

16. Gruber, J. “Health insurance and the labor market”, em Culyer, A. J. e Newhouse, J. P. (orgs.) Handbook of health economics. Elsevier, 2000, v. 1, Part A, pp. 645-706.

17. Emanuel e Fuchs, “Who really pays for health care?”

18. Frank, R. Riquistão: como vivem os novos-ricos e como construíram suas megafortunas. São Paulo: Manole, 2008.

19. Autor, D. H., Katz, L. F. e Kearney, M. S. “The polarization of the U.S. labor market”, American Economic Review 96(2), 2006, pp. 189-94, e Autor, D. e Dorn, D. “The growth of low-skill service jobs and the polarization of the US labor market”, American Economic Review. Disponível em:

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20. Card, D. e Krueger, A. B. “Minimum wages and employment: A case study of the fast food industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania”, American Economic Review 84(4), 1994, pp. 772-93, e Card, D. e Krueger, A. B. Myth and measurement: The new economics of the minimum wage. Princeton University Press, 1995.

21. Buchanan, J. “A commentary on the minimum wage”, Wall Street Journal, April 25, p. A20, 1996.

22. Lee, D. S. “Wage inequality in the United States during the 1980s: Rising dispersion or falling minimum wage”, Quarterly Journal of Economics 114(3), 1999, pp. 977-1023.

23. Congressional Budget Office, Trends in the distribution of household income between 1979 and 2007, Washington, 2011.

24. Piketty, T. e Saez, E. “Income inequality in the United States 1913-1998”, Quarterly Journal of Economics 118(1), 2003, pp. 1-41.

25. Kuznets, S. Shares of upper income groups in income and saving. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1953.

26. Em sua análise de renda, Piketty e Saez referem-se a rendas tributáveis de unidades tributárias e não renda familiar ou por domicílio, que incluiria indivíduos sem relação de parentesco entre si. As estimativas de renda do Congressional Budget Office citados anteriormente incluem alguns dos itens considerados nas contas nacionais, mas não em pesquisas domiciliares. Em alguns estudos, rendas familiares ou por domicílio estão corrigidas para considerar o número de pessoas e se são adultos ou crianças. Tentei poupar o leitor desses detalhes, o que acredito que não afeta meu relato mais amplo, mas pode ser perigoso comparar diferentes definições de renda sem correções ou ajustes.

27. Congressional Budget Office, Trends in the distribution of household income.

28. Corak, M, “Inequality from generation to generation: The United States in comparison”, University of Ottawa. Disponível

em: <http://milescorak.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/inequality-

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comparison-v3.pdf>

29. Feldstein, M. S. “Income inequality and poverty”, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 6770, 1998; citação extraída do resumo.

30. Bertrand, M. e Mullainathan, S. “Are CEOs rewarded for luck? The ones without principals are”, Quarterly Journal of Economics 116(3), 2001, pp. 901-32.

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32. Hacker, J. S. e Pierson, P. Winner-take-all politics: How Washington made the rich richer – and turned its back on the middle class. Simon and Schuster, 2011.

33. Morgenson, G. e Rosner, J. Reckless endangerment: How outsized ambition, greed, and corruption created the worst financial crisis of our time. St. Martin’s Griffin, 2011.

34. Piketty, T., Saez, E. e Stantcheva, S. “Optimal taxation of top labor incomes: A tale of three elasticities”, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 17616, 2011. Notar que esses autores interpretam a relação diferentemente do que faço no texto.

35. Bartels, L. Unequal democracy: The political economy of the new gilded age. Princeton University Press, 2010, e Gilens, M. Affluence and influence: Economic inequality and political power in America. Princeton University Press, 2012.

36. Krueger, A. O. “The political economy of the rent-seeking society”, American Economic Review 64(3), 1974, pp. 291-303, e Bhagwati, J. N. “Directly unproductive profit-seeking (DUP) activities”, Journal of Political Economy 90(5), 1982, pp. 988-1002.

37. Gilens, Affluence and influence.

38. Stiglitz, J. E. The price of inequality: How today’s divided society endangers our future. Norton, 2012.

39. Jones, E. The European miracle: Environments, economies and geopolitics in the history of Europe and Asia. Cambridge University Press, 1981; e Growth recurring: Economic change in world history. Oxford University Press, 1988.

40. Engerman, S. e Sokoloff, K. L. Economic development in the Americas since 1500: Endowments and institutions. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

41. Acemoğlu, D., Johnson, S. e Robinson, J. “Reversal of fortune: Geography and institutions in the making of the modern world income distribution”, Quarterly Journal of Economics 117(4), 2002, pp. 1231-94, e Acemoğlu, D. e Robinson, J. Por que as nações fracassam. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2012.

42. Olson, M. The rise and decline of nations: Economic growth, stagflation, and social rigidities, Yale University Press, 1982.

CAPÍTULO SEIS: GLOBALIZAÇÃO E A MAIOR DE TODAS AS FUGAS

1. O programa de coleta de preços está no site do Banco Mundial. Disponível em:

<http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ICPEXT/Resources/ICP_2

011.html>.

2. Deaton, A. e Heston, A. “Understanding PPPs e PPP-based national accounts”, American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 2(4), 2010, pp. 1-35.

3. Gilbert, M., Clark, C., Stone, J.R.N. et al., “The measurement of national wealth: Discussion”, Econometrica 17 (Suplemento, relatório do encontro em Washington): pp. 255-72, 1949; citação na p. 261.

4. Solow, R. M. “A contribution to the theory of economic growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics 70(1), 1956, pp. 65-74.

5. Maddison, A. e Wu, H. X. “Measuring China’s economic performance”, World Economics 9(2), 2008, pp. 13-44.

6. Easterly, W., Kremer, M., Pritchett, L. e Summers, L. H. “Good policy or good luck? Country growth performance and temporary shocks”, Journal of Monetary Economics 32(3), 1993, pp. 459-83.

7. Comissão para o crescimento e desenvolvimento, The growth report: Strategies for sustained growth and inclusive development, Banco Mundial, 2008.

8. Collier, P. The bottom billion: Why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it. Oxford University Press, 2008.

9. Connelly, M. Fatal misconceptions: The struggle to control world population. Harvard University Press, 2008.

10. Simon, J. L. The ultimate resource. Princeton University Press, 1983.

11. Lam, D. “How the world survived the population bomb: Lessons from 50 years of extraordinary demographic history”, Demography 48(4), 2011, pp. 1231-62.

12. Deaton, A. “Measuring poverty in a growing world, or measuring growth in a poor world”, Review of Economics and Statistics 87(1), 2005, pp. 1-19.

13. Kohli, A. Poverty amid plenty in the new India. Cambridge University Press, 2012.

14. Allen, R. C., Murphy, T. E. e Schneider, E. B. “The colonial origins of the divergence in the Americas: A labor market approach”, Journal of Economic History 72(4), 2012, pp. 863-94.

15. Atkinson, A. B., Piketty, T. e Saez, E. “Top incomes in the long run of history”, Journal of Economic Literature 49(1), 2011, pp. 3-71.

16. Ibid.

17. Goos, M., Manning, A. e Salomons, A. “Job polarization in Europe”, American Economic Review 99(2), 2009, pp. 58-63.

18. Milanovic, B. Worlds apart: Measuring international and global inequality. Princeton University Press, 2007. Há uma importante atualização: Milanovic, B. “Global income inequality”, 2010. Disponível em:

<http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVRES/Resources/4

77227-

1173108574667/global_inequality_presentation_milanovic_imf

_2010.pdf>

19. Dworkin, R. A virtude soberana: A teoria e a prática da igualdade. São Paulo: WMF Martins Fontes, 2011. p. 6 da edição da Harvard University Press. Citado em Nagel, T. “The problem of global justice”, Philosophy and Public Affairs 33(2), 2005, [113-47], p. 120.

CAPÍTULO SETE: COMO AJUDAR OS QUE FICARAM PARA TRÁS

1. Estes números e cálculos foram extraídos do site do Banco Mundial para cálculos sobre pobreza. Disponível em:

<http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm?3>

2. Deaton, A. e Dupriez, O. “Purchasing power parity exchange rates for the global poor”, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3(2), 2011, pp. 137-66.

3. Disponível em: <www.givingwhatwecan.org>

4. Attenborough, R. “17p to save a child’s life”, The Observer, 4 de março de 2000. Disponível em:

<www.guardian.co.uk/world/2000/mar/05/mozambique.theobs

erver>

5. Smith, A. Teoria dos sentimentos morais.

6. Hume, D. Uma investigação sobre os princípios da moral. Campinas: Editora da Unicamp, 2013. (Publicado originalmente em 1751.)

7. Singer, P. “Famine, affluence, and mortality”, Philosophy and Public Affairs 1(1): 229-43, 1972; citação na p. 242.

8. Singer, P. Quanto custa salvar uma vida?: Agindo agora para eliminar a pobreza mundial. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2010.

9. Os dados sobre ajuda deste capítulo são, a menos que indicado em contrário, do Comitê de Assistência ao Desenvolvimento da OCDE. Disponível em:

<www.oecd.org/dac/stats/>, ou do Banco Mundial, World Development Indicators. Disponível em:

<http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx>

10. O termo vem de Temple, J. “Aid and conditionality”, Handbook of development economics, Elsevier, 2010. Capítulo 67, p. 4420.

11. Bauer, P. Dissent on development. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971, citado em Temple, J. “Aid and conditionality”, p. 4436.

12. A fonte de muitos dos fatos desta seção é Riddell, R. Does foreign aid really work?, Oxford, 2007.

13. Citado em Kapur, D., Lewis, J. P. e Webb, R. (orgs.), The World Bank: Its first half century, Volume 1: History, Brookings Institution Press, 1997, p. 128.

14. Easterly, W. e Williamson, C. R. “Rhetoric v. reality: The best and worst of aid agency practices”, World Development 39(11), 2011, pp. 1930-49.

15. Ibid., e para os dois parágrafos seguintes.

16. Alesina, A. e Dollar, D. “Who gives foreign aid to whom and why?”, Journal of Economic Growth 5(1), 2000, pp. 33-63.

17. Maren, M. The road to hell: The ravaging effects of foreign aid and international charity. Free Press, 2002; de Waal, A. Famine crimes: Politics and the disaster relief industry in Africa. Indiana University Press, 2009; e Polman, L. The crisis caravan: What’s wrong with humanitarian aid. Picador, 2011.

18. Epstein, H. “Cruel Ethiopia”, New York Review of Books, 13 de maio de 2010.

19. Deaton, A. e Miller, R. I. International commodity prices, macroeconomic performance, and politics in sub-Saharan Africa, Princeton Studies in International Finance 79, Princeton University Press, 1995.

20. Deaton, A. “Commodity prices and growth in Africa”, Journal of Economic Perspectives 13(3), 1999, pp. 23-40.

21. Subramanian, A. e Rajan, R. “Aid and growth: What does the cross-country evidence really show?”, Review of Economics and Statistics 90(4), 2008, pp. 643-65.

22. Cartwright, N. e Hardie, J. Evidence-based policy: A practical guide to doing it better, Oxford University Press, 2012.

23. Van de Walle, N. Overcoming stagnation in aid-dependent countries. Center for Global Development, 2005; Moss, T., Pettersson, G. e Van de Walle, N. “An aid-institutions paradox? A review essay on aid dependency and state building in sub-Saharan Africa”, em Easterly, W. (org.) Reinventing foreign aid. MIT Press, 2007, pp. 255-81; e Besley T. e Persson, T. Pillars of prosperity: The political economics of development clusters. Princeton University Press, 2011.

24. Moss, P. e van de Walle, “An aid-institutions paradox?”

25. Citado em Deaton, A. “Commodity prices and growth in Africa”, p. 23.

26. Subramanian, A. e Rajan, R. “Aid, Dutch disease, and manufacturing growth”, Journal of Development Economics 94(1), 2011, pp. 106-18.

27. Wrong, M. In the footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the brink of disaster in Mobutu’s Congo. Harper, 2001.

28. Van de Walle, N. Overcoming stagnation.

29. Besley e Persson, Pillars of prosperity; ver também Besley, T. e Persson, T. “Fragile states and development policy”, Journal of the European Economic Association 9(3), 2011, pp. 371-98.

30. Svensson, J. “Why conditional aid does not work and what can be done about it”, Journal of Development Economics 70(2), 2003, p. 381-402; e “The institutional economics of foreign aid”, Swedish Economic Policy Review 13(2), 2006, pp. 115-37.

31. Kanbur, R. “Aid, conditionality, and debt in Africa”, em Tarp, F. (org.) Foreign aid and development: Lessons learnt and directions for the future, Routledge, 2000, pp. 318-28; citação na p. 323.

32. Bates, R.,“Banerjee’s approach might teach us more about impact but at the expense of larger matters”, Boston Review, setembro, 2006, pp. 67-72.

33. Easterly, W. O espetáculo do crescimento: aventuras e desventuras dos economistas na incessante busca pela prosperidade nos trópicos. Rio de Janeiro: Ediouro, 2004.

34. Polman, The crisis caravan.

35. Wrong, M. It’s our turn to eat: The story of a Kenyan whistleblower. Harper, 2009.

36. Cullather, N. The hungry world: America’s Cold War battle against poverty in Asia. Harvard University Press, 2010.

37. Van de Walle, N. Overcoming stagnation.

38. Connelly, Fatal misconceptions.

39. Ferguson, J. The anti-politics machine: “Development”, depoliticization, and bureaucratic power in Lesotho. University of Minnesota Press, 1994.

40. Wenar, L. “Poverty is no pond: Challenges for the affluent”, em Illingworth, P., Pogge, T. e Wenar, L. (orgs.) Giving well: The ethics of philanthropy, Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 104-32.

41. Easterly, W. The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s efforts to aid the rest have done so much ill and so little good. Penguin, 2006.

42. Mazower, M. No enchanted palace: The end of empire and the ideological origins of the United Nations. Princeton University Press, 2009.

43. Wrong, M. I didn’t do it for you: How the world betrayed a small African nation. Harper, 2006.

44. Levine, R. et al. Millions saved: Proven successes in global health. Center for Global Development, 2004.

45. Fauci, A. S. e Folkers, G. K. “The world must build on three decades of scientific advances to enable a new generation to live free of HIV/aids”, Health Affairs 31(7), 2012, pp. 1529-36.

46. Filmer, D., Hammer, J. e Pritchett, L. “Weak links in the chain: A diagnosis of health policy in poor countries”, World Bank Research Observer 15(2), 2000, p. 199-224; citação na p. 199.

47. Epstein, H. “The lost children of aids”, New York Review of Books, 3 de novembro de 2005.

48. Uma das questões prediletas (e efetivas) propostas por William Easterly; ver, por exemplo, “How I would not lead the World Bank: Do not, under any circumstances, pick me”, Foreign Policy, 5 de março de 2012.

49. World Health Organization, Macroeconomics and health: Investing in health for economic development, 2001. Disponível em:

<www.cid.harvard.edu/archive/cmh/cmhreport.pdf>, e Sachs, J. O fim da pobreza: como acabar a miséria mundial nos próximos vinte anos. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2005.

50. Disponível em:

<www.oecd.org/dac/aideffectiveness/parisdeclarationandaccra

agendaforaction.htm#Paris>

51. Birdsall, N. e Savedoff, W. Cash on delivery: A new approach to foreign aid. Center for Global Development, 2010.

52. Banerjee, A. V. Making aid work. MIT Press, 2007, pp. 91-97; citação pp. 95-96.

53. Pogge, T. “The Health Impact Fund: Enhancing justice and efficiency in global health”, Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 2012. DOI: 10.1080/19452829.2012.703172.

54. Kremer, M., Levine, R. e Albright, A. Making markets for vaccines: Ideas to action. Relatório do Advance Market Commitment Working Group, Center for Global Development, 2005.

55. Disponível em:

<www.gavialliance.org/funding/pneumococcal-amc/about/>

56. Kremer, M. e Jayachandran, S. “Odious debt”, American Economic Review 96(1), 2006, pp. 82-92.

57. The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative.

Disponível em: <www.eitc.org>

58. Annan, K. “Momentum rises to lift Africa’s resource curse”, New York Times, 14 de setembro de 2012. Disponível

em: <www.nytimes.com/2012/09/14/opinion/kofi-annan-

momentum-rises-to-lift-africas-resource-curse.html?_r=0>

PÓS-ESCRITO: E O QUE VEM A SEGUIR?

1. Diamond, J. Colapso: como as sociedades escolhem o fracasso ou o sucesso. Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2005.

2. Olson, Rise and decline of nations.

3. Pinker, S. Os anjos bons da nossa natureza: por que a violência diminuiu. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2013.

4. Kenny, Getting better.