A Enxada e a Lança
Notas
Este capítulo é longo, por isso está dividido em 4 partes.
CAPÍTULO 1
1. Ed. aos cuidados de Dam ião Peres. Lisboa: Academ ia Portuguesa da
História, 1954, p. 156.
2. Ivan Hrbek: Ethnony m es et topony m es africains. Paris: Unesco, 1984, p.
152-196.
3. A.G. Hopkins: An Econom ic History of West Africa. Londres: Longm an,
1977, p. 35-36.
4. N.C. Pollock: Studies in Em erging Africa. Londres: Butterworths, 1971, p. 69.
5. René Gardi: Indigenous African Architecture, trad. para o inglês de Sigrid
MacRae. Nova York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., s.d. (a edição original suíça é de 1973), p. 91-93.
6. Sam uel Johnson: The History of the Yoruba. Lagos: C.S.S. Bookshops, 1976,
p. 98 (a 1ª ed. é de 1921).
7. Elizabeth Isichei: A History of Nigeria. Londres: Longm an, 1983, p. 267.
8. Exposta por Lewis Mum ford: The City in History. Harm ondsworth: Penguin
Books, 1973, p. 40-51.
9. Jean-Paul Lebeuf e A. Masson Detourbet: La civilisation du Tchad. Paris:
Pay ot, 1950, p. 155 e 170.
10. O bebedor de vinho de Palm a, na trad. brasileira de Eliane Fontenelle. Rio de
Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 1975.
11. George H.T. Kim ble: Tropical Africa. Nova York: Anchor Books, 1962, v. I,
p. 37.
12. H.A. Oluwasanm i: “The Agricultural Environm ent”, The City of Ibadan, org.
P.C. Lloy d, A.L. Mabogunj e e B. Awe. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1967, p. 29.
13. George H.T. Kim ble: ob. cit., p. 27.
14. J.E.G. Sutton: “The Settlem ent of East Africa”, Zam ani — A Survey of East
African History, org. B.A. Ogot. Nairobi: East African Publishing House/Longm an, 1980, p. 72.
15. René Gardi: ob. cit., p. 51.
16. Anna Hinderer: Seventeen Years in the Yoruba Country. Londres: Seeley,
Jackson and Halliday, 1872, p. 198.
17. Lucy Mair: Prim itive Governm ent. Harm ondsworth: Penguin Books, 1962, p.
96-97.
18. G.W.B. Huntingford: “The Peopling of the Interior of East Africa by its
Modern Inhabitants”, History of East Africa, org. Roland Oliver e Gervase Mathew. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963, v. I, p. 70.
19. E.E. Evans-Pritchard: The Nuer. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940.
20. Mary H. Kingsley : Travels in West Africa, org. Elspeth Huxley. Londres:
The Folio Society, 1976, p. 148-149 (a 1ª ed. é de 1897).
21. West African Studies, 3ª ed. Londres: Frank Cass, 1964, p. 87-88 (a 1ª ed. é de
1899).
22. Ob. cit., p. 90.
23. Said Ham dun e Noël King: Ibn Battuta in Black Africa. Londres: Rex
Collings, 1975, p. 23.
24. Leitura e revisão das provas por António Baião. Lisboa: Academ ia
Portuguesa da História, 1940, p. 53.
25. Entre os ij ós, E.J. Alagoa: “Long distance trade and States in the Niger
Delta”, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. XI (1970), nº 3, p. 325-326.
26. Eugenia W. Herbert: “Aspects of the Use of Copper in Pre-Colonial West
Africa”, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. XIV (1973), nº 2, p. 179.
27. A.G. Hopkins: ob. cit., p. 48.
28. Os africanos no Brasil, revisão e prefácio de Hom ero Pires. São Paulo:
Com panhia Editora Nacional, 1932, p. 180-181.
29. Arthur Ram os: Introdução à antropologia brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Casa do
Estudante do Brasil, 1947, v. II, p. 526.
30. Elizabeth Isichei: ob. cit., p. 58-61.
31. D. Dalby : “Mapa linguístico da África”, História geral da África, org.
Unesco, v. I, coord. por J. Ki-Zerbo. São Paulo: Ática/Unesco, 1980, p. 328, nota 8.
32. The Language Fam ilies of Africa. Londres: Society for Prom oting Christian
Knowledge, 1915.
33. H. Baum ann e D. Westerm ann: Les Peuples et les civilisations de l’Afrique,
trad. francesa. Paris: Pay ot, 1948, p. 441-489.
34. The Languages of Africa. Haia: Mouton, 1963.
35. Segue-se, nos parágrafos seguintes, J.H. Greenberg: “Classificação das
línguas da África”, História geral da África, org. Unesco, v. I, coord. por J. Ki-Zerbo, ed. cit., p. 314-322.
36. “Som e Developm ents in the Prehistory of the Bantu Languages”, The
Journal of African History. Londres: v. III (1962), nº 2, p. 273-282.
37. Black Mother. Boston: Little, Brown & Co, 1961, p. 79.
38. O Brasil e as colónias portuguesas. Lisboa: Parceria A.M. Pereira, 1920, p.
58-59, nota. Oliveira Martins consigna o núm ero, m as o considera excessivo.
39. The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census. Madison: The University of Wisconsin
Press, 1969, p. 268.
40. R.R. Kuczy nski: Population Movem ents. Oxford: 1936, p. 12.
41. J.E. Inikori: “Introduction”, Forced Migration: the Im pact of Export Slave
Trade on African Societies. Londres: 1981, p. 20-21.
42. Jam es A. Rawley : The Transatlantic Slave Trade: a History. Nova York:
1981, p. 428.
43. Paul E. Lovej oy : “The Volum e of the Atlantic Slave Trade: a Sy nthesis”,
The Journal of Africa History. Londres: v. 23 (1982), nº 4, p. 477-478.
44. Paul E. Lovej oy : “The Im pact of the Atlantic Slave Trade: a Review of the
Literature”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 30 (1989), nº 3, p. 368 e 373.
CAPÍTULO 2
1. Y. Coppens: “A hom inização: problem as gerais”, Parte I, História geral da
África, org. pela Unesco, v. I, coord. J. Ki-Zerbo. São Paulo: Ática/Unesco, 1980, p. 431.
2. David W. Phillipson: African Archaeology. Cam bridge: Cam bridge
University Press, 1985, p. 14, 2ª ed., 1993, p. 15.
3. C.E. Oxnard: Uniqueness and Diversity in Hum an Evolution. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1975.
4. Fotografia em David W. Phillipson: ob. cit., 1ª ed., p. 20; 2ª ed., p. 21.
5. F. Clark Howell: “Origins and Evolution of African Hom inidae”, The
Cam bridge History of Africa, v. I, org. J. Desm ond Clark. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1982, p. 87.
6. Ibidem , p. 85.
7. John W.K. Harris: “Cultural Beginnings: Plio-Pleistocene archaeological
occurrences from the Adar, Ethiopia”, African Archaeological Review. Cam bridge: v. I (1983), p. 25.
8. Ibidem , p. 7 e 9.
9. M. Taieb, cit. por F. Clark Howell: cit., p. 117.
10. Mary Marzke, cit. por Barbara Isaac: “Throwing and Hum an Evolution”,
African Archaeological Review, v. 5 (1987), p. 12.
11. Sigo Barbara Isaac: art. cit., p. 3-17.
12. Crônica do Descobrim ento e Conquista da Guiné, ed. org. por José de
Bragança. Porto: Livraria Civilização Editora, 1937, v. II, p. 179-180.
13. Ibidem , p. 121.
14. R.A. Foley : “Review Article. Problem s in the Early Evolution of Hom o: the
East African Record and the Evolutionary Relationships of the Early Hom inids”, African Archaeological Review, v. 10 (1992), p. 36.
15. Koobi Fora Research Proj ect, v. 4: Hom inid cranial rem ains. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1991 — cit. por R.A. Foley : art. cit., p. 35-41.
16. R.A. Foley : art. cit., p. 38 e 40.
17. O. Bar-Yosef: “Pleistocene Connexions Between Africa and Shouthwest
Asia: an Archaeological Perspective”, African Archaeological Review, v. 5 (1987), p. 31.
18. C.C. Swisher III, G.H. Curtis, T. Jacob, A.G. Getty, A. Suprij o e Widiasm oro:
“Age of the Earliest Known Hom inids in Java, Indonesia”, Science, v. 263, 23 de fevereiro de 1994, p. 1.118-1.121.
19. Com o propõem Christopher Stringer e Clive Gam ble em In Search of the
Neanderthals: Solving the Puzzle of Hum an Origins. Londres: Tham es & Hudson, 1993.
20. Karl W. Butzer: “The Palaeo-Ecology of the African Continent: the Phy sical
Environm ent of Africa from the Earliest Geological to Later Stone Ages Tim es”, The Cam bridge History of Africa, v. e ed. cit., p. 41.
21. Tom o as expressões de J.E.G. Sutton: “Pré-história da África Oriental”,
História geral da África, v. e ed. cit., p. 471.
22. Jonathan Kingdon: Self-Made Man and His Undoing. Londres: Sim on and
Schuster, 1993, p. 37.
23. Gly nn Ll. Isaac: cit., p. 245.
24. J.D. Clark e J.W.K. Harris: “Fire and its Roles in Early Hom inid Lifeway s”,
African Archaeological Review, v. 3 (1985), p. 6.
25. Ibidem , p. 12-16.
26. Ibidem , p. 18 e 20.
27. Ibidem , p. 7 e 9.
28. Gly nn Ll. Isaac: cit., p. 245.
29. C.C. Swisher III, G.H. Curtis e outros: art. cit., p. 1121.
30. Gly nn Ll. Isaac: cit., p. 128.
31. R. Leakey : “Os hom ens fósseis africanos”, História geral da África, v. e ed.
cit., p. 459 e 460.
32. F. Clark Howell: cit., p. 129; e David W. Phillipson: ob. cit., 2ª ed., p. 58.
33. F. Clark Howell: cit., p. 130.
34. Ibidem , p. 133.
35. David W. Phillipson: ob. cit., 2ª ed., p. 51.
36. Chen Tiem ei, Yang Quan e Wu En: “Antiquity of Hom o sapiens in China”,
Nature, v. 368, 3 de m arço de 1994, p. 55-56.
37. Com o faz Stephen Jay Gould: “So Near and Yet So Far”, The New York
Review of Books. Nova York: 20 outubro 1994, p. 28.
38. David W. Phillipson: ob. cit., p. 63 e 65.
39. J. Desm ond Clark: “The Cultures of the Middle Palaeolithic/Middle Stone
Age”, The Cam bridge History of Africa, v. e ed. cit., p. 321.
40. David W. Phillipson: ob. cit., 2ª ed., p. 67.
41. The African Experience. Londres: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991, p. 25.
42. Com o as de J.L. Mountain, A.A. Lin, A.M. Bowcok e L.L. Cavalli-Sforza
(“Evolution of Modern Hum ans: Evidence from Nuclear DNA Poly m orfism s”, Philosophical Transactions of the Roy al Society. Londres: 337-B (1992), p. 159-165) e as de J.S. Wainscoat e colaboradores (“Evolutionary Relationships of Hum an Populations from an Analy sis of Nuclear DNA Poly m orfism s”, Nature, n. 319 (1986), p. 491-493; e “Geographical Distribution of Alpha- and Beta-Globin Gene Cluster Poly m orfism s”, The Hum an Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Hum ans, org. por P. Mellars e C. Stringer. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989, p. 31-38) — todas citadas por Pam ela R. Willoughby : “The Middle Stone Age in East Africa and Modern Hum an Origins”, African Archaeological Review, v. 11 (1993), p. 5.
43. R. Cann, M. Stoneking e A. Wilson: “Mitochondrial DNA and Hum an
Evolution”, Nature, n. 325 (1987), p. 31-36.
44. M.C. Stoneking e R.L. Cann: “African Origin of Hum an Mitochondrial
DNA”, em The Hum an Revolution, ed. cit., p. 17-30.
45. M. Stoneking, S.T. Sherry, A.J. Redd e L. Vigilant: “New Approaches to
Dating Suggest a Recent Age for the Hum an m tDNA Ancestor”, Philosophical Transactions of the Roy al Society, 337B (1992), p. 167-175 — cit. por Pam ela R. Willoughby : art. cit., p. 4-5.
46. L. Vigilant, M. Stoneking, H. Harpending. C. Hawkes e A.C. Wilson: “African
Populations and the Evolution of Hum an Mitochondrial DNA, Science, nº 253 (1991), p. 1503-1507.
47. Pam ela R. Willoughby : art. cit., p. 4.
48. J. Desm ond Clark: “The Cultures of the Middle Palaeolithic / Middle Stone
Age”, cit., p. 262-264.
49. Ibidem , p. 320.
50. Ibidem , p. 326.
51. David W. Phillipson: ob. cit., 2ª ed., p. 65.
52. Jacques Maquet: “Les obj ets, les im ages et les dieux”, Histoire générale de
l’Afrique Noire, org. Hubert Descham ps. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1970, v. I, p. 103.
53. David W. Phillipson: ob. cit., 1ª ed., p. 71; 2ª ed., p. 74.
54. J. Desm ond Clark: “African Beginnings”, The Horizon History of Africa.
Nova York: Am erican Heritage, 1971, p. 28.
55. D.R. Burnor e J.E. Harris: “Racial Continuity in Lower Nubia: 12000 BC to
the Present” Proceedings of Indiana Academ y of Sciences for 1967, v. LXXVII (1968), p. 113-121.
56. Melville J. Herskovits: The My th of the Negro Past. Boston: Beacon Press,
1958, p. 254-258.
57. Eugen Strouhal: “Evidence of the Early Penetration of Negroes in Prehistoric
Egy pt”, The Journal of African History, v. XII (1971), nº 1, p. 1-9.
58. Ob. cit., p. 502; e “The Aquatic Civilization of Middle Africa”, The Journal of
African History, v. XV (1974), nº 4, p. 527-546.
59. David W. Phillipson: ob. cit., p. 113.
60. Colin Flight: “A Survey of Recent Results in the Radiocarbon Chronology of
Northern and Western Africa”, The Journal of African History, v. XIV (1973), nº 4, p. 536; Randi Haaland: “Fish, Pots and Grain: Early and Mid-Holocene Adaptations in Central Sudan”, African Archaeological Review, v. 10 (1992), p. 47; e David W. Phillipson: ob. cit., 2ª ed., p. 112 e 113.
61. J.E.G. Sutton: art. cit., p. 529-530.
62. Ibidem , p. 535.
63. Merrick Posnansky : “The Prehistory of East Africa”, Zam ani — A Survey of
East African History, org. B.A. Ogot, nova ed. Nairobi: East African Publishing House / Longm an, 1980, p. 65.
64. Roland Oliver e J.D. Fage: A Short History of Africa. Harm ondsworth:
Penguin Books, 1966, p. 20-21.
65. D.W. Phillipson: “The Late Stone Age in sub-Saharan Africa”, The
Cam bridge History of Africa, v. e ed. cit., p. 440.
66. J.E.G. Sutton: art. cit., p. 540.
67. What Happened in History. Harm ondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972 (a 1ª ed. é
de 1942; a obra foi revista em 1954).
68. K. Wasy likowa, J.R. Harlan, J. Evans, F. Wendorf, R. Schild, A.E. Close, H.
Krolik e R.A. Housley : “Exam ination of Botanical Rem ains from Early
Neolithic Houses at Nabta Play a, Western Desert, Egy pt, With Special Reference to Sorghum Grains”, The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, org. Thurstan Shaw, Paul Sinclair, Bassey Andah, Alex Okpoko. Londres: Routledge, 1993, p. 154-164.
69. David W. Phillipson: African Archaeology, 2ª ed., cit., p. 123.
70. Ibidem , 1ª ed., p. 113; 2ª ed., p. 117.
71. Sigo, neste passo, Wilm a Wetterstrom : “Foraging and Farm ing in Egy pt: the
Transition from Hunting and Gathering to Horticulture in the Nile Valley ”, The Archaeology of Africa, org. Thurstan Shaw e outros, ed. cit., p. 165-167, 193-199, 202.
72. Roland Oliver: “Possessive Cases: How the Desire to Own and Protect Goods
Encouraged Agriculture and Towns in Africa”, The Tim es Literary Supplem ent. Londres: 2 de j ulho de 1993, p. 5.
73. Fekri A. Hassan: “Radiocarbon Chronology of Neolitic and Predy nastic sites
in Upper Egy pt and the Delta”, African Archaeological Review, v. 3 (1985), p. 95, 105-106.
74. Wilm a Wetterstrom : cit., p. 204-211.
75. Fekri A. Hassan: art. cit., p. 95, 98, 105, e 108; e Fekri A. Hassan: “The
Predy nastic of Egy pt”, Journal of World Prehistory, v. 2 (1988), p. 138.
76. Wilm a Wetterstrom : cit., p. 224-225.
77. Fekri A. Hassan: “Chronology of the Khartoum ‘Mesolithic’ and ‘Neolithic’
and Related Sites in the Sudan: Statistical Analy sis and Com parisons With Egy pt”, African Archaeological Review, v. 4 (1986), p. 102; e Lech Krzy zaniak: “Early Farm ing in the Middle Nile Basin: Recent Discoveries at Kadero (Central Sudan)”, Antiquity, n. 65 (1991), p. 515-532.
78. Lech Krzy zaniak: “New Light on Early Food-Production in the Central
Sudan”, The Journal of African History, v. XIX (1978), nº 2, p. 159-172.
79. J.M. de Wet: “Dom estication of African Cereals”, African Econom ic
History, Madison, nº 3 (1977), p. 26.
80. Jack R. Harlan: “The Origins of Indigenous African Agriculture”, The
Cam bridge History of Africa, v. cit., p. 628.
81. David W. Phillipson: “The Antiquity of Cultivation and Herding in Ethiopia”,
em The Archaeology of Africa, ed. cit., p. 349.
82. Frederick J. Sim oons: “Som e Questions on Econom ic Prehistory of Ethiopia”,
The Journal of African History, v. VI (1965), nº 1, p. 1-8.
83. Christopher Wrigley : “Speculations on the Econom ic Prehistory of Africa”,
The Journal of African History, v. I (1960), nº 2, p. 195.
84. A. Muzzolini: “The Em ergence of a Food-Producing Econom y in the Saara”,
em The Archaeology of Africa, ed. cit., p. 236-237.
85. G.P. Murdock: Africa: It’s People and their Culture History. Nova York:
McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1959, p. 64-67.
86. J.M. de Wet: art. cit., p. 21-22.
87. Roland Portères: “Berceaux Agricoles Prim aires sur le Continent Africain”,
The Journal of African History, v. III (1962), nº 2, p. 203-207.
88. J.M. de Wet: art. cit., p. 22; e Jack R. Harlan: “The Tropical African Cereals”,
The Archaeology of Africa, ed. cit., p. 57.
89. J. Desm ond Clark: “The Spread of Food Production in Sub-Sahara Africa”,
The Journal of African History, v. III (1962), nº 2, p. 219.
90. Roland Portères: art. cit., p. 201.
91. Jack R. Harlan: “The Origins of Indigenous African Agriculture”, cit., p. 635-
638; e “The Tropical African Cereals”, cit., p. 54-55.
92. R. Portères e J. Barrau: “Origens, desenvolvim ento e expansão das técnicas
agrícolas”, História geral da África, ed. e v. cit., p. 712.
93. Luís da Câm ara Cascudo: Made in Africa. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização
Brasileira, 1965, p. 3-9.
94. Jack R. Harlan: cit., p. 645.
95. D.W. Phillipson: “Early Food Production in Sub-Saharan Africa”, cit., p. 781;
e African Archaeology, 1ª ed., p. 137-138; 2ª ed., p. 148.
96. Ann Brower Stahl: “Intensification in the West African Late Stone Age: a
View From Central Ghana”, The Archaeology of Africa, org. Thurstan Shaw e outros, ed. cit., p. 266-267.
97. Jam es Anquandah: “The Kintam po Com plex: a Case Study of Early
Sedentism and Food Production in Sub-Sahelian West Africa”, The Archaeology of Africa, ed. cit., p. 256-258.
98. P.J. Munson: “Archaeological Data on the Origins of Cultivation in the West
Sahara and their Im plications for West Africa”, Origins of African Plant Dom estication, org. J.R. Harlan, J.M.J. de Wet e A.B.L. Stem ler. Haia: 1976, p. 187-210; e P.J. Munson: “Archaeology and the Prehistoric Origins of the Ghana Em pire”, The Journal of African History, v. 21 (1980), n. 4, p. 457-462.
99. Augustin Holl: “Subsistence Patterns of the Dhar Tichitt Neolithic,
Mauritania”, African Archaeological Review, v. 3 (1985), p. 151-162.
100. Roland Oliver: art. cit.
101. A Study of History, v. I. Londres: Oxford University Press, 1962, p. 305, nota
5.
102. A. Gautier: “Prehistoric Men and Cattle in North Africa: a Dearth of Data
and a Surfeit of Models”, Prehistory of Arid North Africa: Essay s in Honor of Fred Wendorf, org. A.E. Close. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1987, p. 179; Caroline Grigson: “An African Origin for African Cattle?”, African Archaeological Review, v. 9 (1991), p. 126; Wilm a Wetterstrom : cit., p. 200; e A. Muzzolini: cit., p. 235-236.
103. Juliet Clutton-Brock: “The Spread of Dom estic Anim als in Africa”, The
Archaeology of Africa, org. Thurstan Shaw e outros, ed. cit., p. 66-67.
104. A. Muzzolini: cit., p. 236.
105. A. Gautier: loc. cit.
106. David W. Phillipson: ob. cit., 2ª ed., p. 123.
107. A. Muzzolini: cit., p. 236.
108. David W. Phillipson: ob. cit., 1ª ed., p. 143; 2ª ed., p. 153.
109. David W. Phillipson: ob. cit., 1ª ed., p. 131-132; 2ª ed., p. 123-124.
CAPÍTULO 3
1. A.J. Arkell: A History of the Sudan from the Earliest Tim es to 1821. Londres:
Oxford University Press, 1961, p. 35.
2. William Y. Adam s: Nubia: Corridor to Africa. Londres: Allen Lane, 1977, p.
122-123.
3. W.B. Em ery : Egy pt in Nubia. Londres: Hutchinson, 1965, p. 125.
4. David W. Phillipson: African Archaeology. Cam bridge University Press,
1985, p. 119.
5. B.G. Trigger: “The Rise of Civilization in Egy pt”, The Cam bridge History of
Africa, org. geral J.D. Fage e Roland Oliver, v. I, org. J. Desm ond Clark. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1982, p. 520 e 539.
6. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 136-137.
7. G.A. Wainwright: The Sky -Religion in Egy pt. Londres: Cam bridge University
Press, 1938.
8. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 130.
9. Barry J. Kem p: “Old Kingdom , Middle Kingdom and Second Interm ediate
Period in Egy pt”, The Cam bridge History of Africa, v. 1, ed. cit., p. 711.
10. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 129 e 132-135.
11. Nagm -el-Din Moham ed Sherif: “A Núbia antes de Napata (3100 a 750 antes
da era cristã)”, História geral da África, org. Unesco, v. II, coord. por G. Mokhtar. São Paulo: Ática/Unesco, 1980, p. 248.
12. Brasil Davidson: La História em pezó en Africa (trad. de Old Africa
Rediscovered). Barcelona: Ediciones Garriga, 1963, p. 36.
13. Com o A.J. Arkell: ob. cit., p. 49-50.
14. Ob. cit., p. 143.
15. B.G. Trigger: History and Settlem ent in Lower Nubia. New Haven: Yale
University Publications in Anthropology, 1965, p. 97.
16. Ob. cit., p. 157-158.
17. Barry J. Kem p: ob. cit., p. 713.
18. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 149-150.
19. Barry J. Kem p: ob. cit., p. 722.
20. W.B. Em ery : ob. cit., p. 149.
21. Barry J. Kem p: ob. cit., p. 718.
22. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 183-186.
23. Shehata Adam e J. Vercoutter: “A im portância da Núbia: um elo entre a
África Central e o Mediterrâneo”, História geral da África, org. Unesco, v. e ed. cit., p. 238.
24. Ray m ond Mauny : “Trans-Saharan Contacts and the Iron Age in West
Africa”, The Cam bridge History of Africa, v. 2, org. J.D.D. Fage. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1978, p. 278-279.
25. Conform e revelaram as escavações procedidas por C. Bonnet, cit. por
Graham Connah: African Civilizations: Precolonial Cities and States in Tropical Africa: an Archaeological Perspective. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1987, p. 38.
26. A.J. Arkell: ob. cit., p. 68.
27. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 202,
28. Apud Nagm e-el Din Moham ed Sherif: ob. cit., p. 260.
29. Apud William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 203-204.
30. The Loom of Art, trad. de Jonathan Griffin. Nova York: Sim on and Schuster,
1962, p. 17.
31. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 233.
32. Denis P. van Gerven, David S. Carlson e George J. Arm elagos: “Racial
History and Biocultural Adaptation of Nubian Archaeological Populations”, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. XIV (1973), nº 4, p. 555-564.
33. W.B. Em ery : ob. cit., p. 193.
34. Nagm -el-Din Moham ed Sherif: ob. cit., p. 270-271.
35. B.G. Trigger: ob. cit., p. 111-112.
36. B.J. Kem p: “Im perialism and Em pire in the New Kingdom Egy pt (c. 1575-
1087 b.C.)”, em Im perialism in the Ancient World, org. por P.D.A. Garnsey e C.R. Whittaker. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1978, p. 28.
37. Ibidem , p. 32.
38. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 235-240.
39. Apud William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 242.
40. B.J. Kem p: cit., p. 39-43.
41. David O’Connor: “Egy pt, 1552-664 BC”, The Cam bridge History of Africa,
v. 1, ed. cit., p. 910, 915-916.
CAPÍTULO 4
1. P.L. Shinnie: “The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 600 BC to c. AD 600”, The
Cam bridge History of Africa, org. geral J.D. Fage e Roland Oliver, v. 2, org. J.D. Fage. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1978, p. 211.
2. William Y. Adam s: Nubia: Corridor to Africa. Londres: Allen Lane, 1977, p.
256.
3. P.L. Shinnie: Méroe, um a civilização do Sudão, trad. de Maria da Madre de
Deus Pim enta de Souza. Lisboa: Editorial Verbo, 1974, p. 29.
4. Apud Arnold J. Toy nbee: A Study of History. Londres: Oxford University
Press, 1962, v. 2, p. 116.
5. A History of the Sudan from the Earliest Tim es to 1821. Londres: Oxford
University Press, 1961, p. 114.
6. A History of Africa. Londres: Hutchinson University Library for Africa,
1978, p. 37.
7. Jean Leclant: “La Nubie et l’Ethiopie de la préhistoire au XII siècle après
J.C.”, Histoire générale de l’Afrique Noire, org. Hubert Descham ps. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1970, v. I, p. 164.
8. David O’Connor: “Egy pt, 1552-664 BC”, The Cam bridge History of Africa,
v. I, org. J. Desm ond Clark. Cam bridge University Press, 1982, p. 916.
9. Ob. cit., p. 257-259.
10. Geografia, XVII, 2, 3.
11. A livraria da História, III, 5-7.
12. V. as razões em J. Leclant: “O Im pério de Kush: Napata e Méroe”, História
geral da África, org. Unesco, v. II, coord. G. Mokhtar. São Paulo: Ática/Unesco, 1980, p. 278, nota 3.
13. P.L. Shinnie: ob. cit., p. 69.
14. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 283.
15. Ibidem , p. 266, 283-285 e 710, nota 78.
16. A.J. Arkell: ob. cit., p. 121.
17. K.H. Priese, cit. por William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 709, nota 55.
18. II Reis, 19.
19. A.J. Arkell: ob. cit., p. 126.
20. W.B. Em ery : Egy pt in Nubia. Londres: Hutchinson, 1965, p. 219-220.
21. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 265.
22. W.B. Em ery : ob. cit., p. 218.
23. J. Leclant: ob. cit., p. 280-281.
24. É isso o que sugere Basil Davidson: Africa: History of a Continent. Londres:
Spring Books, 1978, p. 42.
25. Ray m ond Mauny : Les siècles obscurs de l’Afrique Noire. Paris: Fay ard,
1970, p. 68-69.
26. Jean Leclant, apud Ray m ond Mauny : ob. cit., p. 70.
27. L’Attelage. Le cheval de selle à travers les âges. Paris: Picard, 1931.
28. O argum ento e os exem plos são de Robin Law: The Horse in West African
History. Londres: International African Institute/Oxford University Press, 1980, p. 122 e 150, nota 22.
29. P.L. Shinnie: Méroe: um a civilização do Sudão, ed. cit., p. 147-149.
30. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 286-287.
31. F.L. Griffith, apud William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 287.
32. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 288.
33. J. Vercoutter: “The Gold of Kush. The Gold-Washing Stations at Faras East”,
Kush. Cartum : v. VII (1959), p. 137.
34. R.C.C. Law: “North Africa in the Period of Phoenician and Greek
Colonization, c. 800 to 323 BC”, The Cam bridge History of Africa, v. 2, cit. p. 95-96.
35. História, III, 17-25.
36. R.C.C. Law: ob. cit., p. 99.
37. Jean Leclant: “La Nubie et l’Ethiopie de la préhistoire au XII siècle après J.-
C.”, cit., p. 165.
38. P.L. Shinnie: “The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 BC to c. AD 600”, cit.,
p. 218.
39. P.L. Shinnie: Méroe: um a civilização do Sudão, p. 37.
40. Que é de William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 303-305.
41. Ibidem , p. 301-303.
42. VII, 69.
43. P.L. Shinnie: “The Sudan”, The African Iron Age, org. P.L. Shinnie.
Londres/Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971, p. 93.
44. David W. Phillipson: African Archaeology. Cam bridge: Cam bridge
University Press, 1985, p. 156.
45. P.L. Shinnie: Méroe: um a civilização do Sudão, ed. cit., p. 162 e 190, nota 21.
46. Com o argum enta B.G. Trigger: “The My th of Meroe and the African Iron
Age”, African Historical Studies. Nova York: v. II (1969), nº 1, p. 44.
47. A.M. Ali Hakem , I. Hrbek e J. Vercoutter: “A civilização de Napata e
Méroe”, História geral da África, org. Unesco, v. e ed. cit., p. 304.
48. As cidades da Idade Média, trad. de Carlos Montenegro Miguel. Lisboa:
Publicações Europa-Am érica, s.d., p. 59.
49. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 270.
50. Ob. cit., II: 89.
51. P.L. Shinnie: “The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 BC to c. AD 600”, cit. p.
218 e 224.
52. Ob. cit., III: 5.
53. Apud William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 309-310.
54. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 310-311.
55. Méroe: um a civilização do Sudão, ob. cit., p. 35-37.
56. Aqiq foi proposta em 1911 por J.W. Crowfoot. Poderia ter sido tam bém
Suakin, de onde saía um a antiga via caravaneira até Berber, no Nilo. Segundo G.W.B. Huntingford, em sua edição de The Periplus of the Ery thraean Sea. Londres: The Hakluy t Society, 1980, p. 87.
57. Ob. cit., III: 5-7.
58. Desenvolvida por N.B. Millett, apud William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 336.
59. William Y. Adam s: idem , p. 336 e 338.
60. Com o pensa William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 340.
61. Ob. cit., XVII: 53-54.
62. N.B. Millett, apud William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 341.
63. P.L. Shinnie: “The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 BC to c. AD 600”, cit.,
p. 248.
64. Ibidem , p. 250.
65. 8: 26-39.
66. Questões naturais, VI: 8,3.
67. História natural, VI: 35.
68. Apud P.L. Shinnie: Méroe: um a civilização do Sudão, ob. cit., p. 21-22.
69. P.L. Shinnie: “The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 600 BC to c. AD 600”, cit.,
p. 251-252.
70. P.L. Shinnie: ob. cit., p. 253.
71. Com o lem bra P.L. Shinnie: ibidem .
72. Com o propõe P.L. Shinnie: Méroe: um a civilização do Sudão, ob. cit., p. 91-
92.
73. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 320-321.
74. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 356-358.
75. P.L. Shinnie: Méroe: um a civilização do Sudão, ob. cit., p. 80-81.
76. P.L. Shinnie: “The Sudan”, cit., p. 95.
77. P.L. Shinnie: Méroe: um a civilização do Sudão, p. 122-123.
78. História natural, XIII: 28.
79. Com o J.W. Crowfoot, apud A.M. Ali Hakem , I. Hrbek e J. Vercoutter: loc.
cit., p. 311.
80. Ob. cit., p. 166.
81. Christopher Wrigley : “Speculations on the Econom ic Prehistory of Africa”,
The Journal of African History. Londres: v. I (1960), nº 2, p. 192-193.
82. Luís da Câm ara Cascudo: Civilização e cultura. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria José
Oly m pio Editora, 1973, p. 106, v. II.
83. B.G. Trigger: History and Settlem ent in Lower Nubia. New Haven: Yale
University Publications in Anthropology, 1965, p. 123-124; e William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 344 e 348-349.
84. John Alexander: “The Saharan Divide in the Nile Valley : the Evidence From
Qasr Ibrim ”, African Archaeological Review. Cam bridge: v. 6 (1988), p. 75.
85. Yuri M. Kobishchanov: Axum , trad. de Lorraine T. Kapitanoff, ed. de Joseph
W. Michels: The Pennsy lvania State University Press, 1979, p. 62-63.
86. P.L. Shinnie: ob. cit., p. 54-56.
87. Ob. cit., p. 174.
88. S.O. Biobaku: History Without Writing, Lagos, s.d., p. 11.
89. Ed. cit., p. 44-52.
90. Crowds and Power, trad. de Carol Stewart. Nova York: Continuum , 1978, p.
416.
91. Races of Africa. Londres: 1930; e Egy pt and Negro Africa. Londres: 1934.
92. Proposta, entre outros, por W.M. Flinders Petrie: The Making of Egy pt.
Londres: Sheldon Press, 1939.
93. Roland Oliver e Brian M. Fagan: Africa in the Iron Age. Cam bridge:
Cam bridge University Press, 1975, p. 41.
94. Ibidem , p. 41-42.
95. Graham Connah: African Civilizations — Precolonial Cities and States in
Tropical Africa: an Archaeological Perspective. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1987, p. 25, 65-66.
96. A History of Africa, ed. cit., p. 40-41.
97. Ibidem , p. 41-43.
98. The Kingdom s of Africa. Oxford: Elsevier-Phaidon, 1978, p. 21.
99. Jack Goody : “Feudalism in Africa?”, The Journal of African History.
Londres: v. IV (1963), nº 1, p. 15.
100. Ars Una, Species Mille: Egy pt. Paris: Hachete, s.d. (1911?), p. IX.
101. Paul Bohannan: Africa and Africans. Nova York: Garden City, 1964, p. 82.
CAPÍTULO 5
1. “A Prelim inary Note on a New Series of Pottery Figures From Northern
Nigeria”, Africa. Londres: v. XV (1945), p. 21-2.
2. Frank Willett: “Nigerian Art: an Overview”, Treasures of Ancient Nigeria.
Nova York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980, p. 27.
3. G.W. Barendsen, E.S. Deevey e L.J. Gralenski, apud Frank Willett: “Nigeria”,
The African Iron Age, org. P.L. Shinnie. Londres/Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971, p. 7.
4. William Fagg, apud Jean Laude: Les arts de l’Afrique Noire. Paris: Le Livre
de Poche, 1966, p. 63.
5. African Art. Londres: Tham es & Hudson, 1971, p. 68.
6. Com o propõe Ekpo Ey o: Two Thousand Years Nigerian Art. Lagos: Federal
Departm ent of Antiquities, 1977, p. 50, 62-64.
7. Ekpo Ey o: “Introduction”, Treasures of Ancient Nigeria, ob. cit., p. 7.
8. B.E.B. Fagg: “The Radiocarbon Dating of the Nok Culture, Northern
Nigeria”. Londres: Nature, 9 de j aneiro de 1965, p. 205 e 212.
9. B.E.B. Fagg: “Recent Work in West Africa: New Light on the Nok Culture”.
Londres: World Archaeology, v. I (1969), nº 1, p. 41-50.
10. Para o século VI a.C., D. Calvocoressi e Nicholas David: “A New Survey of
Radiocarbon and Therm olum inescense Dates for West Africa”, The Journal of African History, v. 20 (1979), nº 1, p. 10; e para o VII e VIII a.C., Peter R. Schm idt e S. Terry Childs: “Innovation and Industry During the Early Iron Age in East Africa: the KM2 and KM3 Sites of Northwest Tanzania”, African Archaeological Review, v. 3 (1985), p.
54.
11. R.F. Ty lecote, apud David W. Phillipson: African Archaeology. Cam bridge:
Cam bridge University Press, 1985, p. 165.
12. Com o Robert e Marianne Cornevin: Histoire de l’Afrique, des origines à nos
j ours. Paris: Petite Bibliothèque Pay ot, 1964, p. 74; Oliver Davies: “The Iron Age in sub-Saharan Africa”, Current Anthropology. Chicago: v. VII (1966), nº 4, p. 471; L.M. Diop: “Metallurgie et l’âge du fer en Afrique”, Dacar, Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (série B), v. XXX (1968), p. 10-30; e B. Wai-Andah: “A África Ocidental antes do século VII”, História geral da África, v. II, coord. por G. Mokhtar. São Paulo: Ática/Unesco, 1980, p. 631.
13. Merrick Posnansky : “Brass Casting and its Antecedents in West Africa” The
Journal of African History. Londres: v. XVIII (1977), nº 2, p. 293.
14. Henri Lhote: “Le cheval et le cham eau dans les peintures et gravures
rupestres du Sahara”, Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire. Dacar: v. XV (1953), nº 3, p. 1138-1228.
15. G. Cam pos: “Beginnings of Pastoralism and Cultivation in North-West Africa
and the Sahara: Origins of the Berbers”, The Cam bridge History of Africa, org. geral J.D. Fage e Roland Oliver, v. I, org. J. Desm ond Clark. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1982, p. 619.
16. Com o intuiu Vitorino Magalhães Godinho: O “Mediterrâneo” saariano e as
caravanas do ouro: geografia econôm ica e social do Saara Ocidental e Central do XI ao XVI século. São Paulo: Revista de História, 1956, p. 19.
17. P. Graziozi, ob. cit. por G. Cam ps: ibidem .
18. História, IV: 183.
19. Ray m ond Mauny : “Trans-Saharan Contacts and the Iron Age in West
Africa”, The Cam bridge History of Africa, v. 2, org. J.D. Fage: Cam bridge University Press, 1978, p. 283.
20. Roland Oliver e Brian M. Fagan: Africa in the Iron Age. Cam bridge:
Cam bridge University Press, 1975, p. 48-49.
21. Ver Tim othy F. Garrard: “My th and Metrology : the Early Trans-Saharan
Gold Trade”, The Journal of African History, Cam bridge, v. 23 (1982), nº 4, p. 443-446.
22. E.W. Bovill: The Golden Trade of the Moors, 2a ed., revista e am pliada por
Robin Hallet. Londres: Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 16.
23. Ob. cit., II: 32.
24. Ob. cit., II: 182-183.
25. P. Salam a: “O Saara durante a Antiguidade clássica”, História geral da
África, org. Unesco, cit., p. 535.
26. G. Cam ps: ob. cit., p. 620.
27. Histórias, IV: 50.
28. “Un âge du cuivre au Sahara Occidental?”, Bulletin de l’Institut Français
d’Afrique Noire. Dacar: v. XIII (1951), nº 1, p. 155-167.
29. Ray m ond Mauny : “Trans-Saharan Contacts and the Iron Age in West
Africa”, cit., p. 319-321.
30. N. Lam bert: “Nouvelle contribution à l’étude du chalcolithique de
Mauritanie”, em Métallurgies africaines: nouvelles contributions, org. por N. Echard. Paris: Société des Africanistes, 1983, p. 73.
31. D. Calvocoressi e Nicolas David: art. cit.
32. Duncan E. Miller e Nikolaas J. Van der Merwe: “Early Metal Working in Sub-
Saharan Africa: A Review of Recent Research”, The Journal of African History, v. 35 (1994), n. 1, p. 7-8.
33. Augustin Holl: “Transition from Late Stone Age to Iron Age in the Sudano-
Sahelian Zone: a Case Study from the Perichadian Plain”, em The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, org. por Thurstan Shaw, Paul Sinclair, Bassey Andah e Alex Okpoko. Londres: Routledge, 1993, p. 334.
34. Susan Keech McIntosh e Roderick J. McIntosh: “Recent Archaeological
Research and Dates from West Africa”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 27 (1986), nº 3, p. 424-426.
35. Conform e Nicole Lam bert, m enc. por Susan Keech McIntosh e Roderick J.
McIntosh: ob. cit., p. 426.
36. J.E. Sutton: “Archaeology in West Africa: a Review of Recent Work and a
Further List of Radiocarbon Dates”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 23 (1982), nº 3, p. 297.
37. D. Cavocoressi e Nicholas David: art. cit., p. 10.
38. David W. Phillipson: ob. cit., 2ª ed., p. 174; Duncan E. Miller e Nikolaas J. Van
der Merwe: art. cit., p. 7-8.
39. Peter R. Schm idt e S. Terry Childs: art. cit., p. 54-55.
40. Two Thousand Years Nigerian Art, ed. cit., p. 52-56.
41. Elizabeth Isichei: A History of Nigeria. Londres: Longm an, 1983, p. 22.
42. Ray m ond Mauny : ob. cit., p. 331.
43. M. Posnansky : “Introdução ao fim da Pré-história na África Subsaariana”,
História geral da África, org. Unesco, ed. cit., p. 559.
44. David W. Phillipson: ob. cit., p. 164.
45. Susan Keech McIntosh e Roderick J. McIntosh: art. cit., p. 427.
46. Com o, provocadoram ente, arrisca Peter Garlake: The Kingdom s of Africa.
Oxford: Elsevier-Phaidon, 1978, p. 60.
47. Frank Willett: African Art, ed. cit., p. 72.
48. Roland Oliver e Brian M. Fagan: Africa in the Iron Age. Cam bridge:
Cam bridge University Press, 1975, p. 64-65.
49. Ife in the History of West African Sculpture. Londres: Tham es & Hudson,
1967, p. 110-117 e 125.
50. Ver W.B. Fagg e W. & B. Form an: L’art nègre: ivoires afro-portugais. Praga:
Artia Prague, 1959; e Ezio Bassani e William B. Fagg: Africa and the Renaissance: Art in Ivory. Nova York: The Center for African Art, 1988.
CAPÍTULO 6
1. Frederick J. Sim oons: “Som e Questions on the Econom ic Prehistory of
Ethiopia”, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. VI (1965), nº 1, p. 9-12.
2. R. Fattovich: “Rem arks on the pre-Aksum ite period in northern Ethiopia”,
Journal of Ethiopian Studies, v. 23 (1990), p. 1-33.
3. C. Conti-Rossini: Storia d’Etiopia, parte I. Bérgam o: Instituto Italiano d’Arti
Grafiche, 1928, p. 109.
4. Francis Anfray : “Aspects de l’archéologie éthiopienne”, The Journal of
African History. Londres: v. IX (1968), nº 3, p. 352.
5. Frederick J. Sim oons: loc. cit.
6. Taddesse Tam rat: Church and State in Ethiopia: 1270-1527. Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1972, p. 8-9.
7. Jacqueline Pirenne apud H. de Contenson: “A cultura pré-axum ita”, História
geral da África, org. Unesco, v. II, coord. por G. Mokhtar. São Paulo: Ática/Unesco, 1980, p. 345.
8. Ibidem , p. 346-348 e 351.
9. Ibidem , p. 353.
10. Com o sugere H. de Contenson: ob. cit., p. 362.
11. História natural, VI: 34, 172.
12. Excavations at Axum : an Account of Research at the Ancient Ethiopian
Capital Directed in 1972-1974 by the Late Dr. Neville Chittick. Londres: The British Institute in Eastern Africa, 1989, p. 16-18.
13. Por Yuri M. Kobishchanov: Axum , trad. de Lorraine T. Kapitanoff, ed. de
Joseph W. Michels. Philadelphia: The Pennsilvania State University Press, 1979, p. 36.
14. O que foi feito por Jacqueline Pirenne: “Un problèm e clef pour la
chronologie de l’Orient: La date du ‘Périple de la m er Ery thrée’”, Journal Asiatique. Paris: nº 249 (1961), p. 450-455. Contra sua tese, v., entre outros, G.W.B. Huntingford, na introdução à sua tradução do Périplo (The Periplus of the Ery thraean Sea. Londres: The Hakluy t Society, 1980, p. 8-12). Huntingford sugere que o trabalho foi escrito entre 95 e 130. Para L. Casson (Periplus Maris Ery thraei. Lawrenceville: Princeton University Press, 1989) seria da prim eira m etade do prim eiro século. Provavelm ente da época de Nero, segundo J.E.G. Sutton (“Aksum , the Ery thraean Sea, and the World of Late Antiquity : a Foreword”, em Excavations at Aksum , por S.C. Munro-Hay, cit., p. 4). Munro-Hay (“State Developm ent and Urbanism in Northern Ethiopia”, em The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, org. por Thurstan Shaw, Paul Sinclair, Bassey Andah e Alex Okpoko. Londres: Routledge, 1993, p. 614) tem por volta de 70 com o geralm ente aceito.
15. Périplo do m ar Eritreu, cap. 3.
16. Ibidem , cap. 6.
17. Cap. 4.
18. Taddesse Tam rat: ob. cit., p. 17-18.
19. Périplo do m ar Eritreu, cap. 4.
20. J.S. Trim ingham : Islam in Ethiopia. Londres: Frank Cass, 1976, p. 21-22.
21. Edward Ullendorff: Ethiopia and the Bible. Londres: British
Academ y /Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 15-23.
22. E.F. Gautier: Les siècles obscurs du Maghreb. Paris: Pay ot, 1927, p. 200.
23. J.S. Trim ingham : ob. cit., p. 20-21.
24. Edward Ullendorff: ob. cit., p. 118.
25. Ibidem , p. 141.
26. História da Etiópia, leitura paleográfica de Lopes Teixeira. Porto: Livraria
Civilização Editora, 1945, p. 25-41.
27. Cap. 5.
28. G.W. Huntingford, nos com entários à sua tradução do Périplo: The Periplus
of the Ery thraean Sea, ed. cit., p. 149-150.
29. Taddesse Tam rat: ob. cit., p. 17.
30. Ob. cit., p. 38-41.
31. Assim explica António Sérgio (“Em torno da ‘História trágico-m arítim a’”,
Ensaios, tom o VIII. Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa Editora, 1974, p. 90-
91) as guerras greco-persas e a cam panha de Alexandre, o Grande.
32. Yuri M. Kobishchanov: ob. cit., p. 88-89.
33. D.R. Buxton: The Aby ssinians. Londres: Tham es & Hudson, 1970, p. 30-31 e
178.
34. Yuri M. Kobishchanov: “Axum do século I ao século IV: econom ia, sistem a
político e cultura”, História geral da África, org. pela Unesco, v. II, ed. cit., p. 405.
35. Yuri M. Kobishchanov: Axum , ed. cit., p. 60 e 64.
36. Ibidem , p. 229-230.
37. Com o queriam Ditm ar Nielsen e I. Guidi. Com eles concorda Edward
Ullendorff: The Ethiopians: an Introduction to Country and People, 3ª ed. Londres: Oxford University Press, 1973, p. 94.
38. Yuri M. Kobishchanov: ob. cit., p. 229.
39. D.R. Buxton: ob. cit., p. 89-90.
40. “Excavations at Aksum , 1973-74: a prelim inary report”, Azania. Nairobi: v.
IX (1974), p. 159-205.
41. The Christian Topography of Cosm as Indicopleustes, ed. org. por E.O.
Winstedt. Cam bridge, 1899. Sobre Axum : p. 69-72, 119, 322, 324-325.
42. Lisboa: Agência-Geral do Ultram ar, 1974, p. 90-91.
43. Francis Anfray : “Aspects de l’archéologie étiopienne”, cit.
44. Historia ecclesiastica, patrologia latina cursus com pletus, apud J.S.
Trim ingham : ob. cit., p. 38-39.
45. Ob. cit., p. 55-56.
46. Com o quer Edward Ullendorff: The Ethiopians, ed. cit., p. 97.
47. V. Yuri M. Kobishchanov: ob. cit., p. 70-71.
48. Com o prefere Edward Ullendorff: ob. cit., p. 96.
49. Tekle Tsadik Mehouria: “Axum cristão”, História geral da África, v. II, cit., p.
414.
50. Com o Yuri Kobischanov (ob. cit., p. 63, 67, 79 e 80) e F. de Blois (“Problem s
in Axum ite Chronology ”, trabalho apresentado à X Conferência Internacional de Estudos Etíopes. Paris: 1988, cit. por Stuart Munro-Hay : Aksum : An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity. Edinburgo: Edinburgh University Press, 1991, p. 205).
51. Loc. cit.
52. Edward Ullendorff: Ethiopia and the Bible, ed. cit., p. 52.
53. Taddesse Tam rat: ob. cit., p. 29-30.
54. Com o sustenta O. Löfgren, apud Ullendorff: ob. cit., p. 50.
55. W.H.C. Frend: The Rise of the Monophy site Movem ent. Cam bridge:
Cam bridge University Press, 1972, p. 306.
56. Ivy Pearce: “The Cave Rock-hewn Churches of Gorem e, Turkey, and the
Cave Rock-hewn Churches of Tigre, Ethiopia”, Ethiopia Observer. Adis Abeba: v. XIII (1970), nº 1, p. 65.
57. Loc. cit.
58. Yuri M. Kobishchanov: “On the Problem of Sea Voy ages of Ancient
Africans in the Indian Ocean”, The Journal of African History, v. VI (1965), nº 2, p. 139-140.
59. Com o adverte F. Anfray : “A Civilização de Axum do século I ao século VII”,
História geral da África, ed. cit., p. 374.
60. Francis Anfray : “Aspects de l’archéologie éthiopiennee”, cit., p. 360-363.
61. “La Nubie et l’Ethiopie de la préhistoire au XIIe siècle après Jésus-Christ”,
Histoire générale de l’Afrique Noire, org. por Hubert Descham ps. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1970, v. I, p. 520.
62. Com o sugere Yuri M. Kobishchanov, a quem seguim os na descrição das
guerras contra Du Nouas (Axum , ed. cit., p. 91-102).
63. Ibidem , p. 91-92 e 96.
64. The Decline and Fall of the Rom an Em pire, ed. org. por Oliphant Sm eaton.
Nova York: The Modern Library, v. II, cap. XLII, p. 624-626.
65. “On the Problem of Sea Voy ages of Ancient Africans in the Indian Ocean”,
cit., p. 140.
CAPÍTULO 7
1. Christopher Wrigley : “Speculations on the Econom ic Prehistory of Africa”,
The Journal of African History, v. I (1960), nº 2, p. 201.
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History, v. XIII (1972), nº 2, p. 192.
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4. Roland Oliver: “The Beginnings of Bantu History ”, Perspectives nouvelles
sur le passé de l’Afrique Noire et de Madagascar. Mélanges offerts à Hubert Descham ps. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1974, p. 161.
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VII (1966), nº 3, p. 367.
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Com parative Bantu. Part I: Problem s of Internal Relationship”, The
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7. Art. cit., p. 195.
8. Cit. por Roland Oliver e Brian M. Fagan: “The Em ergence of Bantu Africa”,
The Cam bridge History of Africa, org. geral de J.D. Fage e Roland Oliver, v. 2, org. por J.D. Fage. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1978, p. 356.
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10. Nuevo glosario, v. II. Madri: M. Aguilar, 1947, p. 414.
11. Loc. cit.
12. Conf. Roland Oliver e Brian M. Fagan: ob. cit., p. 359.
13. Roland Oliver: “The Problem of the Bantu Expansion”, cit., p. 367.
14. Malcolm Guthrie: art. cit., p. 281.
15. Alick Henrici: ibidem , p. 98.
16. Roland Oliver e Brian M. Fagan: ob. cit., p. 357.
17. David Dalby : “The Prehistorical Im plications of Guthrie’s Com parative
Bantu. Part II: Interpretation of Cultural Vocabulary ”, The Journal of African History, v. XVII (1976), nº 1, p. 18-20.
18. Roland Oliver e Brian M. Fagan: ob. cit., p. 359.
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2, p. 129-145.
20. Jan Vansina: Paths in the Rainforests: Towards a History of Political Tradition
in Equatorial Africa. Londres: Jam es Currey, 1990, p. 50 e 52.
21. Por Peter R. Schm idt, que descreveu seus trabalhos em Historical
Archaeology : a Structural Approach in an African Culture. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1978.
22. Gadi G.Y. Mgom ezulu: “Recent Archaeological Research and Radiocarbon
Dates from East Africa”, The Journal of African History, v. 22 (1981), nº 4, p. 446.
23. Francis Van Noten, apud E.G. Sutton: “New Radiocarbon Dates for Eastern
and Southern Africa”, The Journal of African History, v. XIII (1972), nº 1, p. 8-9.
24. Por Marie-Claude Van Grunderbeek, Em ile Roche e Hugues Doutrelepont:
Le prem ier âge du fer au Rwanda et au Burundi: Archéologie et environnem ent. Bruxelas: I.F.A.Q./C.Q.S., 1983.
25. Com o o faz Pierre de Maret: “Recent Archaeological Research and Dates
from Central Africa”, The Journal of African History, v. 26 (1985), nos 2 e 3, p. 139.
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Journal of African History, v. XVI (1975), nº 3, p. 335.
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2ª ed., 1993, p. 188-189.
28. Com o sugere Mervin Brown: Madagascar Rediscovered: A History from
Early Tim es to Independence. Londres: Dam ien Tunnacliffe, 1978, p. 15.
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e 27-30.
30. H. Neville Chittick: “The East Coast, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean”, The
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31. Ob. cit., p. 30.
32. A History of Africa. Londres: Hutchinson, 1978, p. 29.
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coord. por G. Mokhtar. São Paulo: Ática/Unesco, 1980, p. 717-719.
34. J. Barrau, apud Jan Vansina: art. cit., p. 140-141.
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36. David W. Phillipson: ob. cit., 2ª ed., p. 184.
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Saharan Africa: A Review of Recent Research”, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. 35 (1994), nº 1, p. 10.
38. David W. Phillipson: cit., p. 186.
39. Duncan E. Miller e Nikolaas J. Van der Merwe: art. cit., p. 12.
40. David W. Phillipson: cit., p. 187.
41. D. Cohen, apud Pierre de Maret: “New Survey of Archaeological Research
and Dates for West-Central and North-Central Africa”, The Journal of African History, v. 23 (1982), nº 1, p. 4-5.
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52. Jacques Nenquin e J. Hiernaux escavaram , em 1957 e 1958, um as sessenta
sepulturas; em 1974, m ais trinta foram investigadas; em 1977, Pierre de Maret procedeu a novos trabalhos arqueológicos no local.
53. Jacques Nenquin: “Notes on Som e Early Pottery Cultures in Northern
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54. Pierre de Maret: “New Survey of Archaeological Research and Dates for
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