Notas

35. J. Rouch: Contribution à l’histoire des Songhay, em Mém oires de l’Institut

Français de l’Afrique Noire. Dacar: nº 29 (1953), p. 197-198.

36. Mervy n Hiskett: The Developm ent of Islam in West Africa. Londres:

Longm an, 1984, p. 33.

37. Transcrita em Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 399-432.

38. E.W. Bovill: The Golden Trade of the Moors, 2ª ed., rev. por Robin Hallett.

Londres: Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 137.

39. Al-Maghili, in Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 408.

40. Lansiné Kaba: “The Pen, the Sword, and the Crown: Islam and Revolution in

Songhay Reconsidered, 1464-1493”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 25 (1984) nº 3, p. 241-256.

41. Charlotte Blum e Hum phrey Fisher: “Love for Three Oranges, or, The

Asky a’s Dilem m a: The Asky a, al-Maghili and Tim buktu, c. 1500 A.D”. The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 34 (1993), nº 1, p. 68-71.

42. John O. Hunwick: Shari’a in Songhay : The Replies of al-Maghili to the

Questions of Askia al-Haj j Muham m ad, Oxford University Press for the British Academ y, 1985, p. 26.

43. Com o crê Nehem ia Levtzion, cf. Lansiné Kaba: art. cit., p. 253, nº 63. Para

John Hunwick (“Songhay, Borno and the Hausa States, 1450-1600”, History of West Africa, org. por J.F.A. Aj ay i e Michael Crowder, 3ª ed. Londres: Longm an, 1985, p. 341) o episódio é um a pura peça de propaganda em favor da legitim idade dos ásquias.

44. In Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 411.

45. Segundo John Hunwick: ob. cit., p. 334, nota 15.

46. O prim eiro a fazê-lo foi Michael A. Gom ez: “Tim buktu Under Im perial

Songhay : a Reconsideration of Autonom y ”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 31 (1990), nº 1, p. 5-24.

47. J. Spencer: Trim ingham : ob. cit., p. 98, nota 1.

48. S.M. Cissoko: “The Songhay from the 12th to the 16th Century ”, General

History of Africa, org. pela Unesco, v. IV, org. por D.T. Niane, ed. cit., p. 209.

49. Com o, sinteticam ente, diagnosticou J. Spencer Trim ingham : The Influence of

Islam upon Africa, 2ª ed. Londres: Longm an, 1980, p. 14.

50. John Hunwick: ob. cit., p. 350-351.

51. Leão Africano: Descrição da África, in Giovanni Battista Ram usio:

Navigazioni e Viaggi. Turim : Giulio Einaudi Editore, 1978, v. I, p. 375. Segundo a anotadora da edição, Marica Milanesi, Leão Africano, se referiria a Soni Ali. Nehem ia Levtzion (“The Western Maghrib and Sudan”, loc. cit., p. 42) situa a conquista, se é que ela houve, na época de Ásquia Muham ed. Deve ter havido, pois Leo afirm a que, no seu tem po, Ualata continuava tributária de Tom buctu, isto é, de Songai.

52. Ob. cit., p. 382-384.

53. Por Hum phrey J. Fisher: “Leo Africanus and the Songhay Conquest of

Hausaland”, International Journal of African Historical Studies. Boston: v. XI (1978), p. 86-112.

54. John Hunwick: ob. cit., p. 347.

55. Ob. cit., p. 380.

56. Nehem ia Levtzion: “The Western Maghrib and Sudan”, loc. cit., p. 447.

57. Tarikh as-Sudan, apud Nehem ia Levtzion: ob. cit., p. 442.

 

CAPÍTULO 22

1. “The Yoruba and Edo-Speaking Peoples and their Neighbours before 1600”,

History of West Africa, organizado por J. F. Aj ay i e Michael Crowder, v. I, 3ª ed. Londres: Longm an, 1985, p. 260 ss.

2. R.E. Bradbury : Benin Studies. Londres: International African Institute/Oxford

University Press, 1973, p. 51.

3. The Archaeology of Benin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975.

4. A com paração é adotada por B. W. Andah e J. Anquandah: “The Guinean Belt:

the Peoples Between Mount Cam eroon and the Ivory Coast”, em General History of Africa, org. pela Unesco, v. III, org. por M. El Fasi e I. Hrbek. Londres: Heinem ann/University of California Press/Unesco, 1988, p. 514.

5. Graham Connah: “Archaeology in Benin”, The Journal of African History.

Londres: v. XIII (1972), nº 1, p. 33.

6. Archaeology and History in Southern Nigeria: the Ancient Linear Earthworks

of Benin and Ishan: Cam bridge Monographs in African Archaeology, 1984, p. 215.

7. P.J. Darling: “Em erging Towns in Benin and Ishan (Nigeria), AD 500-1550”,

em State and Society : The Em ergence and Developm ent of Social Hierarchy and Political Centralization, org. por John Gledhill, Barbara Bender e Mogens Trolle Larsen. Londres: Unwin Hy m an, 1988, p. 127.

8. J.E. Sutton: “Archaeology in West Africa: A Review of Recent Work and a

Further List of Radiocarbon Dates”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 23 (1982), nº 3, p. 309 e 312.

9. P.J. Darling: cit., p. 127-129.

10. Graham Connah: The Archaeology of Benin, cit., p. 117 e 211; e African

Civilizations: Precolonial Cities and States in Tropical Africa: an Archaeological Perspective. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1987, p. 134.

11. P.J. Darling: cit., p. 127.

12. Jacob Egharevba: A Short History of Benin, 3ª ed. Ibadan: Ibadan University

Press, 1969, p. 1-2.

13. Ibidem , p. 3.

14. Alan Ry der: Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897. Londres: Longm an, 1969,

p. 4.

15. Jacob Egarevba: ob. cit., p. 6-8.

16. Com o J.D. Fage: “Upper and Lower Guinea”, The Cam bridge History of

Africa, org. por J.D. Fage e Roland Oliver, v. 3, org. por Roland Oliver. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1977, p. 477.

17. Robin Law: The Horse in West African History. Londres International African

Institute/Oxford University Press, 1980, p. 21 e 22.

18. Robin Law: “A West African Cavalry State: the Kingdom of Oy o”, The

Journal of African History. Londres: v. XVI (1975), nº 1, p. 2.

19. Reproduz-se com o ilustração ao ensaio de Peter Mark, “Europeans

Perceptions of Black Africans in the Renaissance”, in Ezio Bassani e William B. Fagge: African and the Renaissance: Art in Ivory. Nova York: The Center for African Art/Prestel Verlag, 1988, p. 33.

20. Com o propõe R.E. Bradbury : ob. cit., p. 44-45 e 129.

21. Ibidem , p. 176-180.

22. R.E. Bradbury : “The Kingdom of Benin”, West African Kingdom s in the

Nineteenth Century, org. por D. Forde e P. M. Kaberry. Londres: 1969, p. 15.

23. Frank Willett: “Nigeria”, The African Iron Age, org. por P.L. Shinnie.

Londres/Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971, p. 28.

24. Ásia, Prim eira Década, Livro III, cap. IV.

25. A.F.C. Ry der: “A Reconsideration of the Ife-Benin Relationship”, The Journal

of African History. Londres: Cam bridge University Press, 1965, v. VI, nº 1, p. 25-37.

26. Benin and the Europeans, ed. cit., p. 7.

27. “The Benin Kingdom ”, Groundwork of Nigerian History, org. por Obaro

Ikim e. Ibadan: Historical Society of Nigeria/Heinem ann Educational Books (Nig.) Ltd., 1980, p. 11-12; e “From the Volta to Cam eroon”, General History of Africa, org. pela Unesco, v. IV, org. por D.T. Niane. Londres: Heinem ann/University of California Press/Unesco, 1984, p. 351-352.

28. John K. Thornton: “Traditions, Docum ents, and the Ife-Benin Relationship”,

History in Africa. Atlanta: v. 15 (1988), p. 351-362.

29. Sam uel Johnson: The History of the Yoruba. Lagos: C.S.S. Bookshops, 1976, p.

149.

30. Com o sugere Babatunde Lawal: “The Present State of Art Historical

Research in Nigeria: Problem s and Possibilities”, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. XVIII (1977), nº 2, p. 207-213.

31. A.E.C. Ry der: “A Reconsideration of the Ife-Benin Relationship”, loc. cit., p.

27-28.

32. A de I.A. Akinj ogbin: “Ife, the Hom e of a New University ”, Nigeria

Magazine. Lagos: 1967, nº 92, p. 41.

33. R.E. Bradbury : Benin Studies, ed. cit., p. 8.

34. Ob. cit., p. 10-11.

35. Ade Obay em i: ob. cit., p. 248.

36. Alan Ry der: Benin and the Europeans, ed. cit., p. 5.

37. Jacob Egarevba: ob. cit., p. 11.

38. Conform e se adote, no prim eiro caso, a cronologia proposta por Jacob

Egarevba (ob. cit., p. 92) ou, no segundo, a sugerida por R.E. Bradbury (ob. cit., p. 17-43).

39. Jacob Egarevba: ob. cit., p. 11-12.

40. Nigerian Im ages. Londres: Lund Hum phries, 1963.

41. Arnold Rubin, apud Ekpo Ey o: Two Thousand Years Nigerian Art. Lagos:

Federal Departm ent of Antiquities, 1977, p. 138.

42. Denis William s: Icon and Im age: a Study of Sacred and Secular Form s of

African Classical Art. Londres: Allen Lane, 1974, cap. 18.

43. Ekpo Ey o: ob. cit., p. 134; e Babatunde Lawal: ob. cit., p. 198.

44. Elizabeth Isichei: A History of Nigeria. Londres: Longm an, 1983, p. 58.

45. J.D. Fage: ob. cit., p. 500.

46. Jacob Egarevba: ob. cit., p. 8.

47. Jacob Egarevba: ob. cit., p. 14.

48. A.F.C. Ry der: “The Benin Kingdom ”, cit., p. 113.

49. Patrick J. Darling: Archaeology and History in Southern Nigeria: the Ancient

Linear Earthworks of Benin and Islam , cit., p. 143-167.

50. R.E. Bradbury : ob. cit., p. 47, 62-65 e 139.

51. Alan Ry der: ob. cit., p. 10.

52. Graham Connah: “New Light on the Benin City Wall”, Journal of the

Historical Society of Nigeria. Lagos: v. 3 (1967), nº 4, p. 593-609.

53. Two Thousand Years Nigerian Art, ed. cit., p. 96 e 126.

54. Elizabeth Isichei: ob. cit., p. 266.

55. Alan Ry der: ob. cit., p. 13; R.E. Bradbury : ob. cit., p. 34.

56. Duarte Pacheco Pereira: Esm eraldo de Situ Orbis, com introdução e

anotações por Dam ião Peres. Lisboa: Academ ia Portuguesa da História, 1954, p. 149.

57. J.D. Fage: ob. cit., p. 494.

58. Transcrito em Thom as Hodgkin: Nigerian Perspectives, 2ª ed. Londres:

Oxford University Press, 1975, p. 156-157.

59. Ibidem , p. 160.

60. R.E. Bradbury : ob. cit., p. 55 e 66.

61. Ibidem , p. 67.

62. Ibidem , p. 53-54.

63. É este o relato de Jacob Egarevba: ob. cit., p. 21-23.

CAPÍTULO 23

 

1. Robert S. Sm ith: Kingdom s of the Yoruba. Londres: Methuen, 1969, p. 57-58.

2. Ibidem , p. 59.

3. Idem , p. 61.

4. Pierre Fatum bi Verger: Orixás, deuses iorubás na África e no Novo Mundo.

Salvador: Editora Corrupio, 1981, p. 86.

5. Ibidem .

6. Ade Obay em i: “The Yoruba and Edo-speaking Peoples and their Neighbours

Before 1600”, History of West Africa, org. por J.F.A. Aj ay i e Michael Crowder, v. I, 3ª ed. Londres: Longm an, 1985, p. 276.

7. Robert S. Sm ith: ob. cit., p. 61.

8. Ade Obay em i: ob. cit., p. 276.

9. Robert S. Sm ith: ob. cit., p. 64.

10. The History of the Yorubas. Lagos: C.S.S. Bookshops, 1976, p. 25.

11. Com o aventa Ade Obay em i: ob. cit., p. 284.

12. Jacob Egarevba: A Short History of Benin. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press,

1960, p. 27.

13. Sam uel Johnson: ob. cit., p. 21.

14. Robert S. Sm ith: ob. cit., p. 52.

15. Ibidem , p. 53.

16. Com o propõe Ado Obay em i: ob. cit., p. 274-276.

17. Sam uel Johnson: ob. cit., p. 10-12.

18. Robert S. Sm ith: ob. cit., p. 33.

19. Sam uel Johnson: ob. cit., p. 12.

20. The Oy o Em pire, c. 1600-c. 1836: A West African Im perialism in the Era of

the Atlantic Slave Trade. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977, p. 31-33.

21. The Voice of Africa, trad. de Rudolf Bind. Londres: Frank Cass, 1968, v. I, p.

177 e 210.

22. B. A. Agiri: “Early Oy o History Reconsidered”, History in Africa, Waltham ,

v. 2 (1975), p. 8-10.

23. Robin Law: “A West Cavalry State: the Kingdom of Oy o”, The Journal of

African History. Londres: v. XVI (1975), p. 3-4.

24. Por Robert Soper, v. D. Calvocoressi e Nicholas David: “A New Survey of

Radiocarbon and Therm olum iniscence Dates for West Africa”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 20 (1979), nº 1, p. 19-20.

25. Robert Sm ith: “The Alafin in Exile: a Study of the Igboho Period in Oy o

History ”, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. VI (1965), nº 1, p. 59.

26. Ade Obay em i: ob. cit., p. 290.

27. J.D. Clarke: “The Stone Figures of Esie”, Nigeria Magazine. Lagos: 1938, nº

14, p. 106-108; P. Stevens: The Stone Im ages of Esie. Ibadan: 1978.

28. Frank Willett: “Nigerian Art an Overview”, Treasures of Ancient Nigeria.

Nova York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980, p. 48.

29. Ekpo Ey o: Two Thousand Years Nigerian Art. Lagos: Federal Departm ent of

Antiquities, 1977, p. 158.

30. Com o aventa Ade Obay em i: ob. cit., p. 291.

31. Robin Law: The Oy o Em pire – c. 1600 — c. 1836, ed. cit., p. 36.

32. Pierre Fatum bi Verger: ob. cit., p. 134.

33. Sam uel Johnson: ob. cit., p. 150-151.

34. E.A. Olunlade: Ede: A Short History (trad. de I.A. Akinj obin). Ibadan:

Ministry of Education Publications, 1961, p. 11-12.

35. Ob. cit., p. 141.

36. Ulli Beier: The Story of Sacred Wood Carvings from One Sm all Yoruba

Town. Lagos: Nigeria Magazine, 1959, p. 9.

37. Com o propõe Ade Obay em i: ob. cit., p. 292-295.

38. Sam uel Johnson: ob. cit., p. 154.

39. Com o prefere R.C.C. Law: “The Heritage of Oduduwa: Traditional History

and Political Propaganda Am ong the Yoruba”, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. XIV, (1973), nº 2, p. 211.

40. Com o Michael Crowder: The Story of Nigeria. Londres: Faber & Faber,

1962, p. 52.

41. Robin Law: The Oy o Em pire, ed. cit., p. 36.

42. I.A. Akinj ogbin e E.A. Ay andele: “Yorubaland up to 1800”, Groundwork of

Nigerian History, org. por Obaro Ikim e. Ibadan: Historical Society of Nigeria/Heinem ann Educational Books (Nig.) Ltd., 1984, p. 129.

43. I.A. Akinj ogbin: Dahom ey and its Neighbours, 1708-1818. Cam bridge:

Cam bridge University Press, 1967, p. 16-17.

44. R.C.C. Law: “The constitucional troubles of Oy o in the Eighteenth Century ”,

The Journal of African History. Londres: v. XII (1971), nº 1, p. 28.

45. B. A. Agiri: ob. cit., p. 8-9.

46. I.A. Akinj ogbin: “Le Concept de pouvoir dans l’Afrique tradicionnelle l’aire

culturelle y oruba”, Le concept de pouvoir em Afrique. Paris: Les Presses de l’Unesco, 1981, p. 14.

47. Conform e propõe Robert Sm ith: “The Alafin in Exile: a Study of the Igboho

Period in Oy o History ”, cit., p. 73-74; ou com o prefere Robin Law: The Oy o Em pire, ed. cit., p. 56-59.

48. Sam uel Johnson: ob. cit., p. 158-159.

49. H.J. Fisher: “The Eastern Maghrib and the Central Sudan”, The Cam bridge

History of Africa, org. por J.D. Fage e Roland Oliver, v. 3, org. por Roland Oliver. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1977, p. 301.

50. Recolhida por S. F. Nadel: A Black By zantium : The Kingdom of Nupe in

Northern Nigeria. Londres: Oxford University Press, 1955, p. 72-74.

51. Com o Michael Mason: “The Tsoede My th and the Nupe Kinglists: More

Political Propaganda?” History in Africa. Waltham : v. 2 (1975), p. 101-111.

52. Ade Obay em i: ob. cit., p. 294.

53. S. F. Nadel: ob. cit., p. 73, 75 e 406.

54. Journal of a Second Expedition into the Interior of Africa, from the Bight of

Benin to Soccatoo. Londres: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., 1966, p. 102-113 (a 1ª ed. é de 1829).

55. Robin Law: The Horse in West African History. Londres: International

African Institute/Oxford University Press, 1980, p. 20.

56. Robert Cornevin: Histoire du Dahom ey. Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1962, p. 58.

57. Ibidem , p. 164

58. Ibidem .

59. Ade Obay em i: “States and Peoples of the Niger-Benue Confluence Area”,

Groundwork of Nigerian History, cit., p. 148.

60. Com o quer J. S. Boston: The Igala Kingdom . Ibadan: 1968, p. 110.

61. Ade Obay em i: ob. cit., p. 149-150 e 154.

62. Elizabeth Isichei: ob. cit., p. 140.

63. Frank Willet: ob. cit., p. 47.

64. Babatunde Lawal: Sango Sculpture: Art and Thunder-Power am ong Yoruba,

datiloscrito. Ibadan: s.d., p. 105-106.

65. C.L. Tem ple: Notes on the Tribes, Provinces, Em irates and States of Northern

Nigeria. Londres: Frank Cass, 1965, p. 390 (a 1ª ed. é de 1922).

66. “The Present State of Art Historical Research in Nigeria: Problem s and

Possibilities”, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. XVIII (1977), nº 2, p. 212.

67. Sango Sculpture: Art and Thurder-Power Am ong the Yoruba, cit., p. 106-107.

68. Cit., p. 155.

69. Ibidem , p. 258-259.

70. Todos esses argum entos são de Babatunde Lawal: ob. cit., p. 114-117.

71. W. Snelgrave: A New Account of Som e Parts of Guinea and the Slave Trade.

Londres: 1734, p. 59.

72. Robert S. Sm ith: Kingdom s of the Yoruba, ed. cit., p. 76-77.

73. Ob. cit., p. 18-20.

74. Com introdução e anotações históricas de Dam ião Peres. Lisboa: Academ ia

Portuguesa da História, 1954, p. 147.

75. Elizabeth Isichei: ob. cit., p. 58.

76. Robert S. Sm ith: ob. cit., p. 75.

77. Conform e A.K. Aj iafe: A History of Abeokuta. Londres: 1924, apud Robert S.

Sm ith: ob. cit., p. 81.

78. Sam uel Johnson: ob. cit., p. 17.

79. Robert S. Sm ith: ob. cit., p. 82, 111 e 200.

80. Ob. cit., p. 17.

81. S.O. Biobaku: The Egba and their Neighbours, 1842-1872. Londres: Oxford

University Press, 1957, p. 3.

82. Édouard Dunglas: “Contribuition à l’histoire du Moy en Dahom ey ”, Etudes

Dahom éennes. Porto Novo: v. XIX (1957), p. 27-32; e E.G. Parrinder: The Story of Ketu, an Ancient Yoruba Kingdom . Ibadan: 1956, p. 11-17.

83. Édouard Dunglas: ob. cit., p. 19-20.

84. E. G. Parrinder: ob. cit., p. 12-18.

85. Robert Cornevin: ob. cit., p. 50.

86. Resum ida em Robert Cornevin: ob. cit., p. 52-54.

87. Ade Obay em i: ob. cit., p. 298.

88. Pierre Fatum bi Verger: ob. cit., p. 236.

89. Ade Obay em i: ob. cit., p. 299.

90. The voice of Africa, Trad. de Rudolf Bind. Londres: Frank Cass, 1968, v. I, p.

172-173.

91. R.C.C. Law: “The constitucional troubles of Oy o in the Eighteenth Century ”,

loc. cit., nº 10, p. 30.

92. Ulli Beier: ob. cit., p. 12-13.

93. J.S. Eades: The Yoruba Today. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press,

1980, p. 98.

94. Lucy Mair: African Kingdom s. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977, p. 108.

 

CAPÍTULO 24

1. Histoire des Berbères et des dy nasties m usulm anes de l’Afrique septentrionale

(trad. W.M. de Slane), nova ed., a cargo de Paul Casanova. Paris: Geuthner, 1925-1926, v. II, p. 107-108.

2. Taddesse Tam rat: Church and State in Ethiopia: 1270-1527. Londres: Oxford,

Clarendon Press, 1972, p. 121.

3. V. Baltazar Teles: História Geral de Etiópia-a-Alta, org. por A. Magalhães

Basto. Porto: Livraria Escolar Progredior, 1936, p. 33-35 (a 1ª ed. é de 1660); e António Sérgio: Breve Interpretação da História de Portugal, 12ª ed. Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa Editora, 1985, p. 76.

4. Alan Moorehead: The Blue Nile. Nova York: Vintage Books, 1983, p. 208.

5. Ivan Hrbek: “Egy pt, Nubia and the Eastern Deserts”, The Cam bridge History

of Africa, org. por J.D. Fage e Roland Oliver, v. 3, org. por Roland Oliver. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1977, p. 82.

6. Taddesse Tam rat: “Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn”, em The Cam bridge

History of Africa, v. cit., p. 144.

7. Taddesse Tam rat: Church and State in Ethiopia: 1270-1527, ed. cit., p. 77.

8. Ibidem , p. 137.

9. Apud Taddesse Tam rat: “The Horn of Africa: the Solom onids in Ethiopia and

the States of the Horn of Africa”, General History of Africa, org. pela Unesco, v. IV, org. por D.T. Niane. Londres: Heinem ann/University of California Press/Unesco, 1984, p. 435.

10. Com o afirm a G. B. Huntingford: “L’Ethiopie de 1117 à 1800 et la Corne

d’Afrique des origines à 1800. L’Ethiopie”, Histoire générale de l’Afrique Noire, org. por Hubert Descham ps, v. I. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1970, p. 401.

11. Taddesse Tam rat: Church and State in Ethiopia, ed. cit., p. 90, nota 3.

12. Taddesse Tam rat: ob. cit., p. 89-94.

13. J. Spencer Trim ingham : Islam in Ethiopia. Londres: Frank Cass, 1976, p. 68.

14. Taddesse Tam rat: “The Horn of Africa: The Solom onids in Ethiopia and the

States of the Horn of Africa”, cit., p. 444-445.

15. Edward Ullendorff: Ethiopia and the Bible. Londres: British Academ y /Oxford

University Press, 1968, p. 112.

16. Taddesse Tam rat: “Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn”, cit., p. 162.

17. Edward Ullendorff: ob. cit., p. 110-111.

18. Taddesse Tam rat: Church and State in Ethiopia, ed. cit., p. 209.

19. Taddesse Tam rat: ob. cit., p. 118.

20. Taddesse Tam rat: ob. cit., p. 148.

21. J. Spencer Trim ingham : ob. cit., p. 73; e Taddesse Tam rat: ob. cit., p. 253-255.

22. Taddesse Tam rat: ob. cit., p. 199-200.

23. Ibidem , p. 251, 255-256.

24. Ibidem , p. 256.

25. Sobre os euostateucianos durante David I, Taddesse Tam rat: ob. cit., p. 209-

219.

26. Para usar a expressão do j esuíta seiscentista Padre Jerônim o Lobo na

descrição de sua viagem à Etiópia: Itinerários e Outros Escritos Inéditos, ed. crítica pelo Pe. M. Gonçalves da Costa. Barcelos: Livraria Civilização Editora, 1971, p. 378.

27. Conform e Al-Macrisi, apud Ivan Hrbek: ob. cit., p. 84.

28. Taddesse Tam rat: “Ethiopia, The Red Sea and the Horn”, cit., p. 155.

29. Taddesse Tam rat: Church and State in Ethiopia, ed. cit., p. 278-283.

30. G. B. Huntingford: ob. cit., p. 405.

31. Yuri M. Kobishchanov: Axum , trad. de Lorraine T. Kapitanoff, ed. de Joseph

W. Michaels: The Pennsy lvania State University Press, 1979, p. 202.

32. Jules Perruchon: Les chroniques de Zar’a Yâ’eqôb et de Ba’eda-Mâry âm , roi

d’Ethiopie. Paris: 1893, p. 145.

33. História da Etiópia, leitura paleográfica de Lopes Teixeira. Porto: Livraria

Civilização Editora, 1945, v. I, p. 117.

34. Ibidem , p. 117-120.

35. Taddesse Tam rat: “The Horn of Africa: the Solom onids in Ethiopia and the

States of the Horn of Africa”, cit., p. 453.

36. Taddesse Tam rat: Church and State in Ethiopia, cit., p. 261-262.

37. Edward Ullendorff: ob. cit., p. 97-98.

38. Pero Pais: ob. cit., p. 60.

39. Taddesse Tam rat: ob. cit., p. 239-240.

40. Padre Francisco Álvares: Verdadeira inform ação das terras do Preste João

das Índias. Lisboa: Agência-Geral do Ultram ar, 1974, p. 329.

41. G.B. Huntingford: ob. cit., p. 405.

42. Taddesse Tam rat: ob. cit., p. 246-247.

43. Taddesse Tam rat: ob. cit., p. 290.

44. J. Spencer Trim ingham : ob. cit., p. 82.

45. Taddesse Tam rat: Church and State in Ethiopia, ed. cit., p. 228.

46. Ibidem .

47. J. Spencer Trim ingham : ob. cit., p. 82.

48. J. Spencer Trim ingham : ob. cit., p. 80.

49. Pe. Francisco Álvares: ob. cit., p. 317.

50. Taddesse Tam rat: ob. cit., p. 250-267.

51. Taddesse Tam rat: ob. cit., p. 259.

52. Sobre a m issão de Pedro Covilhã: Padre Francisco Álvares: ob. cit., p. 277-

282; e Conde de Ficalho: Viagens de Pêro da Covilhã. Lisboa: Im prensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda, 1988 (a 1ª ed. é de 1898).

 

CAPÍTULO 25

 

1. Sobre essas várias teorias, P. H. Holt: “Funj Origins: A Critique and New

Evidence”, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. IV (1963), nº 1, p. 39-55.

2. Jay Spaulding: “The Funj : a Reconsideration”, The Journal of African History.

Londres: v. XIII (1972), nº 1, p. 39-53.

3. J. Spencer Trim ingham : Islam in the Sudan. Londres: Oxford University Press,

1949, p. 85.

4. William Y. Adam s: Nubia: Corridor to Africa. Londres: Allen Lane, 1977, p.

600.

5. S. Hillelson: “David Reubeni, an Early Visitor to Sennar”, Sudan Notes and

Records. Cartum : v. XVI (1935).

6. P.M. Holt: art. cit., p. 50.

7. H.J. Fisher: “The Eastern Maghrib and the Central Sudan”, The Cam bridge

History of Africa, org. por J.D. Fage e Roland Oliver, v. 3, org. por Roland Oliver. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1977, p. 303.

8. “A Christian Church and Monastery at Ain Farah, Darfur”, Kush, a Journal of

the Sudan Antiquities Services. Cartum : 7 (1959), p. 115-119.

9. L. Kropácek: “Nubia from the Late 12th Century to the Funj Conquest in the

Early 15th Century ”, General History of Africa, org. pela Unesco, v. IV, org. por D.T. Niane. Londres: Heinem ann/University of California Press/Unesco, 1984, p. 420.

10. Conform e sustenta Pierre Kalck: “Pour une localisation du roy aum e de

Gaoga”, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. XIII (1972), nº 4, p. 529-548.

11. La descrizione dell’Africa di Giovan Lioni Africano, em Giovanni Batista

Ram usio: Navigazioni e Viaggi, ed. aos cuidados de Marica Milanesi, v. I. Turim : Giulio Einaudi Editore, 1978, p. 19, 20, 23, 365, 372, 373, 387, 389 e 424.

12. J.D. Fage: “Upper and Lower Guinea”, The Cam bridge History of Africa, v.

3, cit., p. 473.

13. Segundo J.D. Fage: ob. cit., p. 490.

14. Ivor Wilks: “A Medieval Trade-Route from the Niger to the Gulf of Guinea”,

The Journal of African History. Londres: v. III (1962), nº 2, p. 338.

15. Merrick Posnansky e Roderick McIntosh: “New Radiocarbon Dates for

Northern and Western Africa”, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. XVII (1976), nº 2, p. 165-166.

16. P. Kipre: “From the Ivory Coast Lagoons to the Volta”, General History of

Africa, org. pela Unesco, v. IV, cit., p. 326.

17. Ivor Wilks: “The Mossi and the Akan states, 1400 to 1800”, History of West

Africa, org. por J.F.A. Aj ay i e Michael Crowder, v. I, 3ª ed. Londres: Longm an, 1985, p. 478.

18. Graham Connah: African Civilizations: Precolonial Cities and States in

Tropical Africa: an Archaeological Perspective. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1987, p. 130.

19. Ivor Wilks: “Wangara, Akan and Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth

Centuries: I. The m atter of Bitu”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 23 (1982), nº 3, p. 344-347 (reproduzido em Ivor Wilks: Forests of Gold: Essay s on the Akan and the Kingdom of Asante. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1993, p. 16-18).

20. D. Calvocoressi e Nicholas David: “A New Survey of Radiocarbon and

Therm olum inescence Dates for West Africa”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 20 (1979), nº 1, p. 16-17.

21. Jam es Anquandah: Rediscovering Ghana’s Past, Harlow. Longm an: 1982, p.

96; “Urbanization and State Form ation in Ghana During the Iron Age”, Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, org. Thurstan Shaw, Paul Sinclair, Bassey Andah e Alex Okpoko. Londres: Routledge, 1993, p. 650.

22. E.L.R. Mey erowitz: The Akan of Ghana: their Ancient Beliefs. Londres: 1958,

p. 103-127.

23. Os de Colin Flight: “The Chronology of the Kings and Queen-Mothers of

Bono-Manso: a Revaluation of the Evidence”, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. XI (1979), nº 2, p. 267.

24. Esm eraldo de Situ Orbis, 3ª ed., Introd. e anotações históricas de Dam ião

Peres. Lisboa: Academ ia Portuguesa da História, 1954, p. 107.

25. “The Mossi and Akan States, 1400 to 1800”, cit., p. 488-491.

26. Eustache de la Fosse: Crônica de um a viagem à Costa da Mina no ano de

1480, trad. de Pedro Alvim , com prólogo de Joaquim Montezum a de Carvalho. Lisboa: Vega, 1992 (1ª ed. francesa, 1897), p. 62, 65 e 66.

27. Nehem ia Levtzion: Ancient Ghana and Mali. Nova York: African Publishing

Com pany, 1980, p. 95.

28. Guiné portuguesa. Lisboa: Agência Geral do Ultram ar, 1954, v. I, p. 130-134.

29. Descrição da Serra Leoa e dos Rios da Guiné do Cabo Verde (1625), ed.

preparada por Avelino Teixeira da Mota, com notas de P.E.H. Hair. Lisboa: Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultram ar, 1977, p. 158. V. tam bém A. Teixeira da Mota: Un docum ent nouveau pour l’histoire des Peuls au Sénégal pendant les XVe et XVIe siècles. Lisboa: Junta de Investigações do Ultram ar, 1969, p. 39-40.

30. Ed. org. por Diogo Köpke, Porto, 1841, p. 33.

31. Ibidem ; e André Donelha: ob. cit., p. 158; a m esm a história foi contada por

Francisco de Lem os Coelho, em 1684, na sua “Discripção da Costa da Guiné e Situação de todos os Portos e Rios della, e Rotey ro para se Poderem Navegar todos os seus Rios”, que consta de Duas descrições seiscentistas da Guiné, de Francisco de Lem os Coelho, publicadas com introdução e anotações históricas por Dam ião Peres. Lisboa: Academ ia Portuguesa da História, 1990, p. 155.

32. Conform e datou A. Teixeira da Mota: “Notas sobre a história dos fulas. Coli

Tenguêlá e a Chegada dos Prim eiros Fulas ao Futa Jalom ”, Conferência Internacional dos Africanistas Ocidentais, 2ª Conferência, Bissau, 1947, v. V. Lisboa: 1952.

33. Ásia, Prim eira Década, Livro Terceiro, cap. XII.

34. Jean Boulègue e Jean Suret-Canale: “The Western Atlantic coast”, History of

West Africa, org. por J.F.A. Aj ay i e Michael Crowder, 3ª ed. cit., p. 513.

35. Nize Izabel de Moraes: La petite côte d’après le Capitão Francisco de Lem os

Coelho (tese de m estrado, m im eografada). Dacar: IFAN, 1972, p. 26.

36. O m anuscrito “Valentim Fernandes”, leitura e revisão das provas por António

Baião. Lisboa: Academ ia Portuguesa da História, 1940, p. 65-66.

37. Conform e o que propôs E.J. Alagoa: “Long Distance Trade and States in the

Niger Delta”, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. XI (1970), nº 3, p. 319-329; “The Developm ent of Institutions in the States of the Eastern Niger Delta”, The Journal of African History, v. XII (1971), nº 2, p. 269-278; A History of the Niger Delta: a Historical Interpretation of Ij o Oral Tradition. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1972; e “The Niger Delta States and Their Neighbours to c. 1800”, History of West Africa, org. por J.F.A. Aj ay i e Michael Crowder, 3ª ed., cit., p. 372-401.

38. Esm eraldo de Situ Orbis, ed. cit., p. 156.

39. Robin Horton: “Notes on Recent Finds of Brasswork in the Niger Delta”, Odu,

Ifé, v. II (1965); nº 1, p. 77-91; e E.J. Alagoa: “The Niger Delta and Their Neighbours to c. 1800”, cit., p. 395-396.

40. Robin Horton: Kalabari Sculpture. Lagos: Departm ent of Antiquities, Federal

Republic of Nigeria, 1965, p. 1.

41. A descrição das estruturas políticas e religiosas dessas aldeias em Robin

Horton: “From Fishing Village to City -State: a Social History of New Calabar”, Man in Africa, org. por M. Douglas e P.M. Kaberry. Londres: 1969, p. 37-58.

42. Robin Horton: “Kalabari Ekine Society : a Borderland of Religion and Art”,

Africa. Londres: 1963, nº 33.

43. E.J. Alagoa: “The Niger Delta and Their Neighbours to c. 1800”, cit., p. 385.

44. Jacob Egarevba: A Short History of Benin, 3ª ed. Ibadan: Ibadan University

Press, 1960, p. 22-23.

45. Elizabeth Isichei: A History of Nigeria. Londres: Longm an, 1983, p. 114.

46. George E. Brooks: “Historical Perspectives on the Guinea-Bissau Region.

Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries”, Vice-Alm irante A. Teixeira da Mota: In Mem oriam , v. I. Lisboa: Academ ia de Marinha/Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, 1987, p. 280-282.

47. Vitorino Magalhães Godinho: Os descobrim entos e a econom ia m undial, v. II,

2ª ed. Lisboa: Editorial Presença, 1982, p. 148-149.

48. W.A. Hart e Christopher Fy fe: “The Stone Sculptures of the Upper Guinea

Coast”, History in Africa, v. 20 (1993), p. 84.

49. Cit., p. 91.

50. Apud John H. Atherton e Milan Kalous: “Nom oli”, The Journal of African

History. Londres: v. XI (1970), nº 3, p. 312-313.

51. Denise Paulm e: Les Gens du Riz. Paris: 1954, p. 149.

52. John H. Atherton e Milan Kalous: art. cit., p. 314.

53. Ed. cit., p. 118.

54. Ed. cit., p. 89.

55. African Sculpture, catálogo de exposição org. por The International

Exhibitions Foundation. Washington: D.C.: 1970, p. 49.

56. Sobre essas esculturas, Bernard de Grunne: Terres cuites anciennes de l’ouest

africain/Ancient Terracottas from West Africa. Louvain-La-Neuve: Institut Superieur d’Archéologie et d’Histoire d’Art, 1980.

57. Roy Sieber e Rosly n Adele Walker: African Art in the Cy cle of Life.

Washington, D. C.: National Museum of African Art, 1987, p. 133.

58. Bernard de Grunne: “De l’obj ect prem ier au chef-d’oeuvre”, Chefs-

d’oeuvres inédits de l’Afrique Noire. Paris: Bordas/Fondation Dapper,

1987, p. 22.

59. Ibidem , p. 22-24.

60. Jan Vansina: Art History in Africa. Londres: Longm an, 1987, p. 189.

61. D.T. Niane: “Mali and the Second Mandingo Expansion”, General History of

Africa, org. pela Unesco, v. IV, cit., p. 158.

62. “The Nguni People”, The Oxford History of South Africa, org. por Monica

Wilson e L. M. Thom pson, v. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969, p. 130.

63. David Birm ingham e Shula Marks: “Southern Africa”, The Cam bridge

History of Africa, v. 3, cit., p. 616.

64. B.M. Fagan: “The Later Iron Age in South Africa”, African Societies in

Southern Africa, org. por L. Thom pson. Nova York: Praeger, 1969, p. 50-70.

65. R. Inskeep: “South Africa”, The African Iron Age, org. por P.L. Shinnie.

Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971, p. 259.

66. Roland Oliver e Brian M. Fagan: Africa in the Iron Age. Cam bridge:

Cam bridge University Press, 1975, p. 113-114.

67. Jam es Denbow: “A New Look at the Later Prehistory of the Kalahari”, The

Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 27 (1986), nº 1, p. 4 e 8.

68. Ibidem , p. 15-17.

69. R.R. Inskeep: “The Archaeological background”, The Oxford History of South

Africa, v. e ed. cit., p. 23.

70. “Khoisan Resistance to the Dutch in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth

Centuries”, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. XIII (1972), nº 1, p. 58.

71. David Birm ingham e Shula Marks: ob. cit., p. 607-608 e 618-619.

72. Richard Elphick: Kraal and Castle: Khoikhoi and the Founding of White South

Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977, p. 8-13.

73. Monica Wilson: “The Hunters and Herders”, The Oxford History of South

Africa, v. e ed. cit.

74. Richard Elphick: ob. cit., p. 23-68.

75. Roland Oliver e Brian M. Fagan: Africa in the Iron Age, ed. cit., p. 117.

76. David W. Phillipson: African Archaeology. Cam bridge: Cam bridge

University Press, 1985, p. 208.

77. Brian M. Fagan: África Austral, trad. portuguesa de Tom é Santos Júnior.

Lisboa: Editorial Verbo, 1970, p. 157-160.

78. Roland Oliver e Brian M. Fagan: ob. cit., p. 112.

79. David Birm ingham e Shula Marks: ob. cit., p. 613.

80. L.D. Ngcongco e J. Vansina: “Southern Africa: its Peoples and Social

Structures” General History of Africa, org. pela Unesco, v. IV, ed. cit., p. 593-594.

81. Roland Oliver e Brian M. Fagan: ob. cit., p. 115-118.

82. Shula Marks: “African and Afrikaner History ”, The Journal of African

History. Londres: v. XI (1970), nº 3, p. 442.

83. E.O.J. Westphal, apud Shula Marks: art. cit.

84. L.D. Ngcongco e J. Vansina: ob. cit., p. 589.

85. Ibidem , p. 590.

86. David Birm ingham e Shula Marks: ob. cit., p. 617.

87. Tim Maggs: “The Iron Age Sequence South of the Vaal and Pongola Rivers:

Som e Historical Im plications”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 21 (1980), nº 1, p. 12.

88. L.D. Ngcongco e J. Vansina: ob. cit., p. 588.

89. Cit., p. 78.

90. “The Division of Work According to Sex in African Hoe Culture”, Africa.

Londres: v. I (1928), nº 3, p. 289-319.

91. Achola O. Pala: “La m uj er africana en la sociedad precolonial en Kenia”, La

m uj er africana en la sociedad precolonial, por Achola O. Pala e Madina Ly, trad. de Pedro L. Gom ez. Barcelona: Serbal/Unesco, 1982, p. 53.

92. J.P.M. McEwan e R.B. Sutcliffe: The Study of Africa. Londres: Methuen, cap.

15.

93. Ester Boserup: Wom en’s Role in Econom ic Developm ent. Londres: George

Allen and Unwin, 1970.

94. Com o m e lem bra Alfredo Margarido, em carta de j ulho de 1993.

95. Com o Igor Kopy toff e Suzanne Miers: “African Slavery as an Institution of

Marginality ”, Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives, org. por Suzanne Miers e Igor Kopy toff. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1979, p. 3-81.

96. Production and Reproduction: A Com parative Study of the Dom estic Dom ain.

Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1976, p. 99-120.

97. Tal Tam ari, “The Developm ent of Caste Sy stem s in West Africa”, The

Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 32 (1991), p. 221-250.

98. Ed. cit., p. 66.

99. Ob. cit., p. 22-23.

100. Poética, XXII, 17.

101. Strasbourg/Paris, 1923.

102. Hugh Walpole: Sem antics. Nova York: W.W. Norton, s.d., p. 150.

103. Em ílio Willem s: Dicionário de Sociologia. Porto Alegre: Editora Globo,

1950, p. 52.

104. Slavery as Social Death. Cam bridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University

Press, 1982, p. 1-101.

105. Com o o faz Paul E. Lovej oy (“Slavery in the Context of Ideology ”, The

Ideology of Slavery in Africa, org. por Paul E. Lovej oy. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1981, p. 11), a quem , nas grandes linhas, seguim os.

106. Claude Meillassoux: The Anthropology of Slavery : The Wom b of Iron and

Gold (trad. de L’Anthropologie de l’Esclavage: le ventre de fer et d’argent, por Alide Dasnois). Londres: The Athole Press, 1991, p. 99-115.

107. Moses L. Finley : “Slavery ”, International Ency clopaedia of the Social

Sciences. Nova York: 1968, v. XIV, p. 307-308.

108. The Idea of Slavery : Critique of David Brion Davis “The Problem of

Slavery in Western Culture”, Slavery in the New World: a Reader in Com parative History, org. por Laura Foner e Eugene D. Genovese. Englewood Cliffes: Prentice-Hall, 1969, p. 260-261.

109. Claude Meillassoux: “Introduction”, L’Esclavage en Afrique précoloniale,

org. por Claude Meillassoux. Paris: François Maspero, 1975, p. 17.

110. Igor Kopy toff e Suzanne Miers: ob. cit., p. 3-66.

111. Frederick Cooper: “The Problem of Slavery in African Studies”, The Journal

of African History. Cam bridge: v. 20 (1979), nº 1, p. 104.

112. David Brion Davis: Slavery and Hum an Progress. Nova York: Oxford

University Press, 1986, p. 15 e 18.

113. Claude Meillassoux: resenha de Slavery in Africa, de Suzanne Miers e Igor

Kopy toff, African Econom ic History. Madison: 1978, nº 5, p. 38.

114. Paul E. Lovej oy : ob. cit., p. 23.

115. Com o argum enta Orlando Patterson: ob. cit., p. 64.

116. “African Slavery and Other Form s of Social Opression on the Upper Guinea

Coast in the Context of the Atlantic Slave Trade”, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. VII (1966), nº 3, p. 431-443; e How Europe Underveloped Africa. Londres: Bogle-l’Ouverture Publications, 1972, cap. 4.

117. Com o parece óbvio a Martin A. Klein: “The Study of Slavery in Africa”,

The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. XIX (1978), nº 4, p. 608-609.

118. “Slaves and Society in Western Africa, c. 1445-c.1700”, The Journal of

African History. Cam bridge: v. 21 (1980), nº 3, p. 289-310.

119. Adam Jones e Marion Johnson: “Slaves from the Windward Coasts”, The

Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 21. (1980), nº 1, p. 17.

120. Com o escreve Claude Meillassoux: “Introduction”, The Developm ent of

Indigenous Trade and Markets in West Africa. Londres: Oxford University Press, 1971, p. 53.

121. R.W. Beachey : The Slave Trade of Eastern Africa. Nova York: Harper &

Row, 1976, p. 2-4.

122. Ralph A. Austen, apud Paul E. Lovej oy : Transform ations in Slavery : a

History of Slavery in Africa. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1983, p. 24-25.

123. Para usar a frase de David Henige: “Measuring the Im m easurable: the

Atlantic Slave Trade, West African Population and the Py rrhonian Critic”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 27 (1986), nº 2, p. 295-313.

124. Ralph A. Austen, apud Paul E. Lovej oy : loc. cit.

125. Com unicação pessoal a John Ralph Willis: Prefácio de Slaves and Slavery in

Muslim Africa, org. por John Ralph Willis. Londres: Frank Cass, 1985, v. I, p. X, nota 2.

126. Tableau géographique de l’Ouest africain au Moy en Age d’après les sources

écrites, la tradition et l’archéologie. Dacar: Mém oires de l’Institut Français de l’Afrique Noire, nº 61, 1961, p. 379.

127. Les Siècles obscurs de l’Afrique Noire. Paris: Fay ard, 1970, p. 240-241.

128. “Arab Trade in Negro Slaves Up to the End of the XVIth Century ”,

conform e citado no texto “African Studies Sy m posium in Cracow”, Africana Bulletin. Varsóvia: v. VI (1967), p. 109-111.

129. A.G. Hopkins: An Econom ic History of West Africa. Londres: Longm an,

1977, p. 83.

130. David Brion Davis: ob. cit., p. 329, nota 67.

131. Apud José Ram os Tinhorão: Os negros em Portugal: um a presença

silenciosa. Lisboa: Cam inho, 1988, p. 363 e 375-376.

132. Bernard Lewis: “The African Diaspora and the Civilization of Islam ”, The

African Diaspora: Interpretative Essay s, org. por Martin L. Kilson e Robert I. Rotberg. Cam bridge, Massachussets: Harvard University Press, 1976, p. 39-40, 44, 49, 52, 54-55.

133. Allan G.B. Fisher e Hum phrey J. Fisher: Slavery and Muslim Society in

Africa: The Institution in Saharan and Sudanic Africa and the Trans-Saharan Trade. Londres: C. Hurst & Co., 1970, p. 146.

134. J. O. Hunwick: “Notes on Slavery in the Songhay Em pire”, Slaves and

Slavery in Muslim Africa, org. por John Ralph Willis, ed. cit., v. II, nº 53, p. 31.

135. Said Ham dun e Noël King: Ibn Battuta in Black Africa. Londres: Rex Collins,

1975, p. 58.

136. “Etat et conditions des esclaves à Gum bu (Mali) au XIXe siècle”, The

Journal of African History. Londres: v. XIV (1973) nº 4, p. 429-452. O estudo é reproduzido em L’Esclavage en l’Afrique pré-coloniale, ed. cit.

137. Claude Meillassoux, L. Doucoure e D. Sim agha: Légende de la dispersion

des Kusa (Epopée Soninké). Dacar: IFAN, 1967.

138. “Slavery ”, loc. cit., p. 310.

139. Jacob U. Egarevba: Benin Law and Custom . Port Harourt: 1949.

140. Philip A. Igbafe: “Slavery and Em ancipation in Benin, 1897-1945”, The

Journal of African History. Londres: v. XVI (1975), nº 3, p. 410-411.

141. Ibidem , p. 411-412.

142. Ver J.E.G. Sutton: “Irrigation and Soil-Conservation in African Agricultural

History ”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 25 (1984), nº 1, p. 25-41.

143. Jean Gim pel: The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the

Middle Ages (trad. de La Revolution Industrielle du Moy en Age). Harm ondsworth: Penguin Books, 1977, p. 7-10.

 

POSFÁCIO À 2ª EDIÇÃO

 

1. V. as num erosas hipóteses em R. Herzog: “Punt”, Proceedings of the Germ an

Archeaological Institute of Cairo. Gluckstadt: v. 5 (1968), p. 42-45.

2. Com o A. M. A. H. Say ed: “Were There Direct Relationships Between

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3. Seguindo K.A. Kitchen: “Punt and How to Get There”, Orientalia, v. 40 (1971),

p. 184-207, e “The Land of Punt”, em The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, org. Thurstan Shaw, Paul Sinclair, Bassey Andah e Alex Okpoko. Londres: Routledge, 1993, p. 587-608.

4. Loc. cit., p. 602 e 604.

5. E.H. Naville: The Tem ple of Deir-el-Bahari, v. III. Londres: Keegan Paul,

Trench, Trubner & Co., 1898.

6. Stuart Munro-Hay : “State Developm ent and Urbanism in Northern Ethiopia”,

em Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, ed. cit., p. 609.

7. S. C. Munro-Hay : Excavations at Aksum : an Account of Research at the

Ancient Ethiopian Capital Directed in 1972-74 by the late Dr. Neville Chittick. Londres: The British Institute in Eastern Africa, 1989, p.7.

8. Stuart Munro-Hay : “State Developm ent and Urbanism in Northern Ethiopia”,

cit., p. 612.

9. Com o Stuart Munro-Hay : Aksum : An African Civilization of Late Antiquity.

Edim burgo: Edinburg University Press, 1991, p. 62-65, e “State Developm ent and urbanism in Northern Ethiopia”, cit. p. 612-613.

10. Cit. por S. Munro-Hay : ibidem .

11. Jacqueline Pirenne: “La Grèce et Saba après 32 ans de nouvelles

recherches”, cit. por S. Munro-Hay. Aksum : cit., p. 65-66.

12. Steven Kaplan: The Beta Israel in Ethiopia: From Earliest im es to the

Twentieh Century. Nova York: New York University Press, 1993; e Jam es Quirin: The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews: A History of the Beta Israel (Falash) to 1920. Filadélfia: University of Pennsy lvania Press, 1993.

13. Jam es Quirin: “Oral Taditions as Historical Sources in Ethiopia: The Case of

the Beta Israel (Falasha)”, History in Africa. Atlanta: v. 20 (1993), p. 299-300.

14. Steven Kaplan: ob. cit., p. 52.

15. Jam es Quirin: art. cit., p. 41.

16. “New Linguistic Evidence and ‘The Bantu Expansion’”, The Journal of

African History. Cam bridge: v. 36 (1995), nº 2, p. 173-195.

17. Herm an Ogoti Kiriam a: “The Iron-Using Com m unities in Keny a”, em The

Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, org. por Thurstan Shaw, Paul Sinclair, Bassey Andah e Alex Okpoko. Londres: Routledge, 1993, p. 489-494.

18. N. David: “Early Bantu Expansion in the Context of Central African

Prehistory ”, em Expansion Bantou, org. por L. Bouquiaux. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1982, p. 609-644.

19. Manfred K.H. Eggert: “Historical Linguistics and Prehistoric Archaeology :

Trend and Pattern in Early Iron Age Research of Sub-Saharan Africa”, Beitrage zur Allgem einen und Vergleichenden Archaeologie, v. 3 (1981), p. 277-324.

20. R.M. Gram ly : “Expansion of Bantu Speakers Versus Developm ent of Bantu

Languages in situ: an Archaeologist’s Perspective”, South African Archaeological Bulletin, v. 33, p. 107-112.

21. Seguindo David L. Schoenbrun: “We Are What We Eat: Ancient Agriculture

Between the Great Lakes”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 34 (1993), nº 1, p. 1-31; e “Cattle Herds and Banana Gardens: the

Historical Geography of the Western Great Lakes region, ca AD 800-1500”, African Archaeological Review. Cam bridge: v. 11 (1993), p. 39-72.

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26. “From Mande to Songhay ”, cit., p. 285-286.

27. In Joseph M. Cuoq: Recueil des sources arabes concernant l’Afrique

Occidentale du VIIe au XVIe siècle. Paris: 1975, p. 100.

28. Great Zim babwe. Londres: Tham es & Hudson, 1974, p. 198.

29. D.P. Collet, A.E. Vines e E.G. Hughes: “The Chronology of the Valley

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30. Prim eira Década, Livro X, capítulo I.

31. D.P. Collet, A.E. Vines e E.G. Hughes: loc. cit.

32. Assim o considera Roland Oliver: The African Experience. Londres:

Weidenfel & Nicolson, 1991, p. 112.

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Traditional History and Political Propaganda Am ong the Yoruba”, The Journal of African History, v. 14 (1973), nº 2, p. 207-222; e “How Truly Traditional is Our Traditional History ? The Case of Sam uel Johnson and the Recording of Yoruba Oral Tradition”, History in Africa. Los Angeles: v. II (1984), p. 195-221.

38. V. um a relação deles em Robin Law: “Early Yoruba Historiography ”,

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39. Sam uel Johnson: The History of the Yorubas. Lagos: C.S.S. Bookshops, 1976,

p. 150; e A.L. Hethersett: Iwe Kika Ekerin. Lagos: 1911, cit. por Robin Law: “How Truly Traditional is Our Traditional History ? The Case of Sam uel Johnson and the Recording of Yoruba Oral Tradition”, History in Africa. Los Angeles: v. II (1984), p. 209-210.

40. Em seu trabalho Iwe Itan Oy o-Ile ati Oy o Isisiy i abi Ago-d’Oy o, um a

história de Oió Antiga e da Nova Oió publicada em 1914. V. tradução em Toy in Falola e Michel R. Doortm ont: “Iwe Itan Oy o: a Traditional Yoruba History and its Author”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 30 (1989), nº 2, p. 301-329.

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and Brokerage, cit., p. 109-148.

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43. Paula Girshick Ben-Am os: The Art of Benin, ed. revista. Washington:

Sm ithsonian Institution Press, 1995, p. 121, nota 5.

44. G.A. Akinola: “The Origin of the Eweka Dinasty of Benin: A Study of the Use

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POSFÁCIO À 3ª EDIÇÃO

 

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International Journal of African Historical Studies, v. 34 (2001), p. 89-120.

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Holocene Settlem ent and Environm ent of the Chad Basin in Nigeria”, African Archaeological Review, v. 13 (1996), nº 2, p. 111-145.

3. V. David N. Edwards, The Nubian Past: an Archaeology of the Sudan.

Londres: Routledge, 2004.

4. Matthieu Honegger, “The Pre-Kerm a Period”, em Sudan Ancient Treasures:

an Exhibition of Recent Discoveries from the Sudan National Museum , org. por Derek A. Welsby e Julie Anderson. Londres: The British Museum Press, 2004, p. 62.

5. Matthieu Honneger, “The Pre-Kerm a Settlem ent at Kerm a”, ibidem , p. 64-66.

6. Tim othy Kendall, “Jebel Barkal”, ibidem , p. 158-159.

7. Lásló Török, “The Kingdom of Kush: Napatan and Meroitic Periods”, ibidem ,

p. 135.

8. Karl-Heinz Priese, “Le Monde des dieux de Méroé”, em Soudan, Roy aum es

sur le Nil, catálogo de exposição, org. por Dietrich Wildung. Paris: Flam m arion / Institut du Monde Arabe, 1997, p. 268; e Dietrich Wildung, “Kushite Religion: Aspects of the Berlin Excavations at Naga”, em Sudan Ancient Treasures, cit., p. 175.

9. Julie R. Anderson, “The Medieval Kingdom s of Nubia”, em Sudan Ancient

Treasures, p. 205.

10. Bogdan Zurawski, “Banganarti”, em Sudan Ancient Treasures, p. 220-223; e

Francis Geus, “Funerary Culture”, ibidem , p. 282.

11. The Peoples of the Middle Niger: the Island of Gold, Malden, Massachusetts,

1998, p. 257-259.

12. Oxford: British Academ y / Oxford University Press, 2003.

13. Tim othy Insoll e Thurstan Shaw, “Gao and Igbo-Ukwu: Beads, Interregional

Trade and Bey ond”, African Archaeological Review, v. 14 (1997), nº 1, p. 9-23.

14. Shanga: the Archaeology of a Muslim Trading Com m unity on the Coast of

East Africa. Londres: British Institute in Eastern África, 1996.

15. An Econom ic History of West Africa. Londres: Longm an, 1977, p. 83.