A Enxada e a Lança
Notas
Este capítulo é longo, por isso está dividido em 4 partes.
por P.L. Shinnie. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971, p. 197-198.
56. David Birm ingham : “Central Africa from Cam eroun to the Zam bezi”, The
Cam bridge History of Africa, v. 3, ed. cit., p. 524.
57. Roland Oliver e Brian M. Fagan: “The Em ergence of Bantu Africa”, cit., p.
393.
CAPÍTULO 8
1. I: XIX.
2. Richard W. Bulliet: The Cam el and the Wheel. Cam bridge: Harvard
University Press, 1975, p. 78, 83-84.
3. Tito Lívio: História rom ana, 37-40.
4. D.R. Hill: “The Role of the Cam el and the Horse in the Early Arab
Conquests”, War, Technology and Society in the Middle East, org. por
V.J. Parry e M.E. Tapp. Londres: Oxford University Press, 1975, p. 36.
5. Em ilienne Dem ougeot: “Le cham eau et l’Afrique du Nord rom aine”,
Annales: econom ies, sociétés, civilisations. Paris: ano 15 (1960), nº 2, p. 221.
6. Assim pensa Richard W. Bulliet: ob. cit., p. 116-119.
7. P.L. Shinnie: “Excavations at Tanqasi, 1953”, Kush, Cartum , v. II (1954), p.
68.
8. Com o sugere William Y. Adam s: Nubia: Corridor to Africa. Londres: Allen
Lane, 1977, p. 426.
9. Cf. P.L. Shinnie: Méroe: um a civilização do Sudão, trad. de Maria da Madre
de Deus Pim enta de Souza. Lisboa: Editorial Verbo, 1974, p. 54-55.
10. “The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 BC to c. AD 600”, The Cam bridge
History of Africa, org. geral de J.D. Fage e Roland Oliver, v. 2, org. por J.D. Fage. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1978, p. 266.
11. “Excavation at Tanqasi, 1953”, cit., p. 68.
12. Egy pt in Nubia. Londres: Hutchinson, 1965, p. 58.
13. J.P. Kirwan: “El Enigm a del grupo X: un pueblo poco conocido del Nilo
nubio”, Civilizaciones extinguidas (trad. de Vanished Civilizations). Barcelona: Editorial Labor, 1966, p. 69.
14. J.P. Kirwan: ob. cit., p. 75.
15. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 400-401.
16. Ecclesiastical History of John of Ephesus, trad. de Pay ne-Sm ith. Londres:
1860, parte III.
17. “A cristianização da Núbia”, História geral da África, org. pela Unesco, v. II,
coord. por G. Mokhtar. São Paulo: Ática/Unesco, 1980, p. 329.
18. P.L. Shinnie: “Christian Nubia”, The Cam bridge History of Africa, v. 2, ed.
cit., p. 560.
19. Cit. por William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 442.
20. P.L. Shinnie: “The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 BC to c. AD 600”, cit.,
p. 267-268; e “Christian Nubia”, cit., p. 573-574.
21. U. Monneret de Villard: Storia della Nubia Cristiana. Rom a: Pontificio
Institutum Orientalium Studiorum , Orientalia Christiana Analecta, nº 118 (1938), p. 70.
22. Cit. por P.L. Shinnie: “Christian Nubia”, The Cam bridge History of Africa, v.
2, ed. cit., p. 564-565.
23. Heródoto: História, III, 17-25.
24. Cf. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 738, nº 67.
25. Michael Brett: “The Arab Conquest and the Rise of Islam in North Africa”,
The Cam bridge History of Africa, v. 2, ed. cit., p. 505.
26. Ob. cit., p. 453.
27. Apud William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 451-452.
28. Ob. cit., p. 81-83.
29. W.H.C. Frend: The Rise of the Monophy site Movem ent. Cam bridge:
Cam bridge University Press, 1972, p. 301.
30. U. Monneret de Villard: ob. cit., p. 98.
31. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 455.
32. Roland Oliver e Brian M. Fagan: Africa in the Iron Age. Cam bridge:
Cam bridge University Press, 1975, p. 124.
33. P.L. Shinnie: ob. cit., p. 577-578.
34. Ibidem .
35. Ibidem , p. 578-579; Monneret de Villard: ob. cit., p. 109-115; William Y.
Adam s: ob. cit., p. 460-461.
36. Apud Roland Oliver e Brian M. Fagan: ob. cit., p. 125-127.
37. D.A. Welsby e C.M. Daniels: Soba: Archaeological Research at a Medieval
Capital on the Blue Nile. Londres: British Institute in Eastern Africa, 1991.
38. The Cam el and the Wheel, ed. cit.
39. Ob. cit., p. 176-215.
40. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 370.
41. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 456.
42. P.L. Shinnie: ob. cit., p. 579-580.
43. Com o nos revela um a testem unha da época, Abu Salih al-Arm ani: Churches
and Monasteries of Egy pt, trad. por B.T.A. Evetts, com notas de A.J. Butter. Oxford: 1893, p. 272.
44. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 472.
45. Ibidem , p. 473.
46. U. Monneret de Villard: ob. cit., p. 172-174.
47. Ibidem , p. 177-180.
48. P.L. Shinnie: ob. cit., p. 581.
49. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 463.
50. Ob. cit., p. 272.
51. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 467.
52. U. Monneret de Villard: ob. cit., p. 102.
53. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 471.
54. P.L. Shinnie: ob. cit., p. 570.
55. K. Michalowski: ob. cit., p. 338.
56. P.L. e M. Shinnie: “New light on Medieval Nubia”, The Journal of African
History, v. VI (1965), nº 3, p. 281-282.
57. Jan Vansina: Art History in Africa. Londres: Longm an, 1984, p. 45.
58. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 477-478.
59. P.L. e M. Shinnie: “New light on Medieval Nubia”, cit., p. 284-285.
60. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 491.
61. P.L. e M. Shinnie: ob. cit., p. 285.
62. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 503-504.
63. Ibidem , p. 504 e 507.
64. Basil Davidson: La Historia em pezó en África (trad. de Old Africa
Rediscovered). Barcelona: Ediciones Garriga, 1963, p. 96-97.
65. P.L. e M. Shinnie: ob. cit., p. 279.
66. P.L. Shinnie: “The Culture of Medieval Nubia and its Im pact on Africa”,
Sudan in Africa: Studies Presented to the First International Conference Sponsored by the Sudan Research Unit, February 1968, org. por Y.F. Hasan. Cartum : Khartoum University Press, 1971, p. 46.
67. Ob. cit., p. 266-267; e U. Monneret de Villard: ob. cit., p. 196-198.
68. P.L. Shinnie: “Christian Nubia, cit., p. 583.
69. L. Kropácek: “Nubia from the Late 12th Century to the Funj Conquest in the
Early 15th Century ”, General History of Africa, org. pela Unesco, v. IV, org. por D.T. Niane. Londres: Heinem ann/University of California Press/Unesco, 1984, p. 403.
70. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 527.
71. Ob. cit., p. 510-521.
72. Ibidem , p. 516.
73. Ivan Hrbek: “Egy pt, Nubia and the Eastern Deserts”, The Cam bridge History
of Africa, v. 3, org. por Roland Oliver. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1977, p. 76-77.
74. Com o sugere William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 531.
75. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 532-534.
76. P.M. Holt: “Sultan Selim and the Sudan”, The Journal of African History, v.
VIII (1967), nº I, p. 19-23.
77. Jay Spaulding: “The Funj : a Reconsideration”, The Journal of African
History, v. XIII (1972), nº 1, p. 40.
78. Ibidem .
79. História da Etiópia, leitura paleográfica de Lopes Teixeira, v. II. Porto:
Livraria Civilização Editora, 1945, p. 211-212.
80. U. Monneret de Villard: ob. cit., p. 124-125.
81. Verdadeira inform ação das terras do Preste João das Índias, anotada e
atualizada na grafia por Augusto Reis Machado. Lisboa: Agência-Geral do Ultram ar, 1974, p. 362-363.
82. William Y. Adam s: ob. cit., p. 543; e P.L. Shinnie: ob. cit., p. 587.
CAPÍTULO 9
1. Roland Oliver e Brian M. Fagan: Africa in the Iron Age. Cam bridge:
Cam bridge University Press, 1975, p. 59-60.
2. Robin Law: The Horse in West African History. Londres: International
African Institute/Oxford University Press, 1980, p. 2-7.
3. P.F. de Moraes Farias: “Great States Revisited”, The Journal of African
History. Londres: v. XV (1974), nº 3, p. 480.
4. Com o argum enta Nehem ia Levtzion: Ancient Ghana and Mali. Nova York:
Africana Publishing Com pany, 1980, p. 8-9.
5. Tim othy F. Garrard: “My th and Metrology : The Early Trans-Saharan Gold
Trade”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 23 (1982), nº 4, p. 448-449.
6. In Joseph M. Cuoq: Recueil des sources arabes concernant l’Afrique
Occidentale da VIIe au XVIe siècle. Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1975, p. 72.
7. Vitorino Magalhães Godinho: Os descobrim entos e a econom ia m undial, 2ª
ed., v. I. Lisboa: Editorial Presença, 1981, p. 69.
8. The African Experience. Londres: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991, p. 86.
9. Thurstan Shaw: “The Guinea Zone: General Situation”, General History of
Africa, org. pela Unesco, v. III, org. por M. El Fasi e I. Hrbek. Londres: Heinem ann/University of California Press/Unesco, 1988, p. 470-475; e Jean Girard: L’Or du Bam bouk. Genebra: Georg Editeur, 1992, p. 125-129.
10. J.E.G. Sutton: “Archaeology in West Africa: A Review of Recent Work and a
Further List of Radiocarbon Dates”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 23 (1982), p. 304.
11. A. Teixeira da Mota: Guiné Portuguesa. Lisboa: Agência Central do
Ultram ar, 1954, v. I, p. 128-132.
12. Patrick J. Munson: “Archaeology and the Prehistoric Origins of the Ghana
Em pire”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 21 (1980), nº
4, p. 457-466.
13. Nehem ia Levtzion: “The Early States of the Western Sudan to 1500”, History
of West Africa, org. por J.F.A. Aj ay i e Michael Crowder, v. I, 3ª ed. Londres: Longm an, 1985, p. 130-131.
14. Charles Monteil: “La Légende du Ouagadougou et l’origine des Soninkés”,
Mélanges ethnologiques. Dacar: Mém oires de l’Institut Français de l’Afrique Noire, nº 23, 1953, p. 369-382.
15. In Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 46.
16. Nehem ia Levtzion: “The Sahara and the Sudan from the Arab Conquest of
the Maghrib to the Rise of the Alm oravids”, The Cam bridge History of Africa, org. geral de J.D. Fage e Roland Oliver, v. 2, org. por J.D. Fage. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1978, p. 641.
17. J. Spencer Trim ingham : A History of Islam in West Africa. Londres: Oxford
University Press, 1975, p. 27-28.
18. In Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 42; e N. Levtzion e J.F.P. Hopkins: Corpus of
Early Arabic Sources for West African History. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1981, p. 13.
19. In Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 71-76.
20. Ibidem , p. 98-105; e N. Levtzion e J.F.P. Hopkins: ob. cit., p. 79-83.
21. Com o queria E.W. Bovill, na sua obra, hoj e clássica, The Golden Trade of
the Moors, 2ª ed., revista e acrescentada por Robin Hallett. Londres: Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 62.
22. J. Spencer Trim ingham : ob. cit., p. 48 e 50.
23. In Joseph M. Cuoq, p. 75-76, e N. Levtzion e J.F.P. Hopkins, p. 52 e nota 38 da
p. 386.
24. “The Early States of the Western Sudan to 1500”, cit., p. 153-154.
25. In Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 83-85.
26. Isto diz, dos escudos lam t, E. Ann McDougall: “The View from Awdaghust:
War, Trade and Social Change in the Southwestern Sahara, from the Eight to the Fifteenth Century ”, The Journal of Africa History. Cam bridge: v. 26 (1985), nº 1, p. 16.
27. V. Denise S. Robert: “Les Fouilles de Tegdaoust”, The Journal of African
History. Londres: v. XI (1970), nº 4, p. 471-493.
28. E. Ann McDougall: art. cit., p. 10.
29. In Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 73.
30. Assim o diz o cronista Ibn Azi Zar, escrevendo na passagem do século XIII
para o século XIV. In Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 230; e N. Levtzion e J.F.P. Hopkins: ob. cit., p. 236.
31. In Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 85.
32. Ibidem , p. 73-74.
33. Conform e Al-Bakri, in Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 102.
34. Robin Law: “Horses, Firearm s, and Political Power in Pre-Colonial West
Africa”, Past & Present. Oxford: 1976, nº 72, p. 114.
35. Technology, Tradition and the State in Africa. Londres: Oxford University
Press, 1971, p. 68-69.
36. Hum phrey J. Fisher: “‘He Swalloweth the Ground with Fierceness and Rage’:
The Horse in the Central Sudan: II. Its Use”, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. XIV (1973), nº 3, p. 378.
37. Al-Idrisi, in Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 137.
38. Discusión. Buenos Aires: Em ecé Editores, 1957, p. 156.
39. In Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 133-134.
40. Al-Bakri, in Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 100.
41. “Fouilles du tum ulus d’El Oualedj i”, anotado por R. Mauny, Bulletin de
l’IFAN. Dacar: v. 13 (1951), nº 4, p. 1.159-1.173.
42. Ray m ond Mauny : Tableau géographique de l’Ouest africain au Moy en Age,
d’après les sources écrites, la tradition et l’archéologie. Dacar: Mém oires de l’Institut Français de l’Afrique Noire, nº 61, 1961, p. 95-97.
43. Nehem ia Levtzion: “Was Roy al Succession in Ghana Matrilineal?”, The
International Journal of African Historical Studies, 1972, p. 91-93.
44. Nehem ia Levtzion: “The Early States of the Western Sudan”, cit., p. 136.
45. Charles Monteil: ob. cit., p. 359-408.
46. Nehem ia Levtzion: Ancient Ghana and Mali, cit., p. 18-19.
47. Ray m ond Mauny : Les Siècles obscurs de l’Afrique noire. Paris: Fay ard,
1970, p. 147.
48. J.E.G. Sutton: “Archaeology in West Africa: a Review of Recent Work and a
Further List of Radiocarbon Dates”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 23 (1982), nº 3, p. 304-305.
49. Susan Keech McIntosh e Roderick J. McIntosh: “Recent Archaeological
Research and Dates from West Africa”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 27 (1986), nº 3, p. 429.
50. Merrick Posnansky, cit. por S.K. McIntosh e R.J. McIntosh: “The Early City
in West Africa: Towards an Understanding”, African Archaeological Review, v. 2 (1984), p. 86-87.
51. Dierk Lange: “From Mande to Songhay : Towards a Political and Ethnic
History of Medieval Gao”, The Journal of African History, v. 35 (1994), nº 2, p. 285.
52. “Gana consiste em duas cidades, nas duas m argens do rio”. N. Levtzion e
J.F.P. Hopkins: ob. cit., p. 109.
53. Ob. cit., p. 150.
54. V. Michael Brett: “Islam and Trade in the Bilad al-Sudan, Tenth-Eleventh
Century A.D.”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 24 (1983), nº 4, p. 435-436.
55. P.F. de Moraes Farias: art. cit., p. 483.
56. Al-Bakri, in Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 101.
57. Abdoulay e Bathily : Les Portes de l’Or: Le Roy aum e de Galam (Sénégal) de
l’ére m usulm ane au tem ps de nègriers (VIIIe-XVIIIe siècle). Paris: Editions l’Harm atan, 1989.
58. Jean Suret-Canale: Afrique noire occidentale et centrale: géographie,
civilisations, histoire. Paris: Editions Sociales, 1961, p. 148.
59. J. Devisse: “Trade and Trade Routes in West Africa”, General History of
Africa, org. pela Unesco, v. III, org. por M. El Fasi e I. Hrbek. Londres: Heinem ann/University of California Press/Unesco, 1988, p. 383-386.
60. Philip D. Curtin: “The Lure of Bam buk Gold”, The Journal of African
History. Londres: v. XIV (1973), nº 4, p. 628; e E.W. Bovill: ob. cit., p. 130-131.
61. Ibn al-Fakih, in Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 54.
62. In Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 134-135.
63. Ob. cit., p. 54, nota 2.
64. Ob. cit., p. 130.
65. Haut-Sénégal-Niger. Paris: Larose, 1912, v. I, p. 55.
66. Ob. cit., p. 54.
67. Ob. cit., p. 135.
68. Susan Keech McIntosh: “A Reconsideration of Wangara/Palolus, Island of
Gold”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 22 (1981), nº 2, p. 145-158.
69. Nehem ia Levtzion e J.F.P. Hopkins, em nota à trad. do texto de Al-Idrisi:
Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History, ed. cit., p. 390-391, nota 10.
70. Tableau géographique de l’Ouest africain, au Moy en Age d’après les sources
écrites, la tradition et l’archéologie, ed. cit., p. 300-301.
71. Ob. cit., p. 86.
72. Ob. cit., p. 388.
73. Denise S. Robert: art. cit., p. 490.
74. H.T. Norris: “New Evidence on the Life of Abdullah b. Yasin and the Origins
of the Alm oravid Movem ent”, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. XII (1971), nº 2, p. 257-258.
75. Paulo Fernando de Moraes Farias: “The Alm oravids: Som e Questions
Concerning the Character of the Movem ent During its Periods of Closest Contact with the Western Sudan”, Bulletin de l’IFAN. Dacar: v. XXIX (1967), sér. B, 3-4, p. 801-808, 813-817 e 861; e H.T. Norris, art. cit., p. 262-265.
76. Michael Brett: art. cit., p. 439.
77. Nehem ia Levtzion: “The Sahara and the Sudan from the Arab Conquest of
the Maghrib to the Rise of the Alm oravids”, cit., p. 663.
78. Apud Nehem ia Levtzion: Ancient Ghana and Mali, ed. cit., p. 52.
79. Ob. cit., p. 29-30 e 55.
80. “Early Arabic Sources and the Alm oravid Conquest of Ghana”, The Journal
of African History. Cam bridge: v. 23 (1982), nº 4, p. 549-560; e David Conrad e Hum phrey Fisher: “The Conquest That Never Was: Ghana and the Alm oravids, 1076. I. The External Arabic Sources”; e “II. The Local Oral Sources”, History in Africa. Waltham : v. 9 (1982), p. 21-59, e v. 10 (1983, p. 53-78. Para um ponto de vista contrário ao de Fischer e Conrad, ver Shery l L. Burkhalter: “Listening for Silences in Alm oravid History : Another Reading of ‘The Conquest That Never Was’”, History in Africa. Atlanta: v. 19 (1992), p. 103-131.
81. In Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 133.
82. Ibidem , p. 185.
CAPÍTULO 10
1. Carlo Conti-Rossini: Storia d’Etiopia, I parte, Bérgam o, Instituto Italiano d’Arti
Grafiche, 1928, p. 210-211.
2. J. Spencer Trim ingham : Islam in Ethiopia, 2ª ed. Londres: Frank Cass, 1976,
p. 46, nota 2.
3. Apud Edward Ullendorff: The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and
People, 3ª ed. Londres: Oxford University Press, 1973, p. 56.
4. S.C. Munro-Hay : Excavations at Aksum : An Account of Research at the
Ancient Ethiopian Capital Directed in 1972-74 by the Late Dr. Neville Chittick. Londres: British Institute in Eastern Africa, 1989, p. 23.
5. Taddesse Tam rat: Church and State in Ethiopia: 1270-1527. Londres: Oxford,
Clarendon Press, 1972, p. 34-35.
6. In Joseph M. Cuoq: Recueil des sources arabes concernant l’Afrique
Occidentale du VIIIe au XVIe siècle. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1975, p. 51.
7. Taddesse Tam rat: ob. cit., p. 36-37.
8. Assim pensara inicialm ente C. Conti-Rossini, segundo Yuri M. Kobishchanov:
Axum , trad. de Lorraine T. Kapitanoff, ed. de Joseph W. Michels. The Pennsy lvania State University Press, 1979, p. 119.
9. Com o pensaria posteriorm ente C. Conti-Rossini, conform e Taddesse Tam rat:
“Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn”, The Cam bridge History of Africa, org. por J.D. Fage e Roland Oliver, v. 3, org. por Roland Oliver. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1977, p. 100.
10. Ibidem , p. 101.
11. Stuart Munro-Hay : Aksum : An African Civilization of Late Antiquity.
Edim burgo: Edinburgh University Press, 1991, p. 18.
12. Taddesse Tam rat: “Processes of Ethnic Interaction and Integration in
Ethiopian History : the Case of the Agaw”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 29 (1988), nº 1, p. 9.
13. T.T. Mekouria: “The Horn on Africa”, General History of Africa, org. pela
Unesco, v. III, org. por M. El Fasi e I. Hrbek, Unesco. Londres: Heinem ann/University of California Press, Unesco, 1988, p. 566.
14. G.W.B. Huntingford: “The Constitutional History of Ethiopia”, The Journal of
African History. Londres: v. III (1962), nº 2, p. 313.
15. Ob. cit., p. 286.
16. Com o sugere Edward Ullendorff: ob. cit., p. 58.
17. Enrico Cerulli: “Il sultanato dello Scioa nel secolo XIII secondo un nuovo
docum ento storico”, Rassegna di studi Etiopici, I. Rom a: 1941, p. 5-14.
18. J. Spencer Trim ingham : ob. cit., p. 63.
19. “Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn”, cit.; p. 108-110.
20. Abu Salih, escrevendo no início do século XIII, assegura (em The Churches
and Monasteries of Egy pt and Neighboring Countries, trad. de B.T.A. Evetts, com notas de A.J. Butler. Oxford: 1895, p. 287-288) que os abissínios possuíam a Arca da Aliança com as duas Tábuas da Lei. Sobre essa ilusão, o padre Pero Pais escreveria, nos prim eiros anos do século XVI, algum as páginas deliciosas na sua História da Etiópia (leitura paleográfica de Lopes Teixeira. Porto: Livraria Civilização Editora, 1945, v. I, p. 41-46).
21. V. Edward Ullendorff: Ethiopia and the Bible. Londres: British
Academ y /Oxford University Press, 1968.
22. C. Conti-Rossini: ob. cit., p. 303-305.
23. Ob. cit., p. 22-23.
24. Aventado por Yuri M. Kobishchanov: ob. cit., p. 120-121.
25. Ibidem , p. 294, nota 297.
26. Com o sugere tentativam ente S. Munro-Hay : Excavations at Axum , cit., p.
23-24.
27. Ob. cit., p. 23.
28. Com o quer J. Spencer Trim ingham : ob. cit., p. 56.
29. Lisboa: Agência-Geral do Ultram ar, 1974, p. 132-140. A prim eira edição da
obra é de 1540.
30. Taddesse Tam rat: Church and State in Ethiopia, p. 59, nota 1.
31. J. Perruchon, apud Taddesse Tam rat: ob. cit., p. 60, nota 3.
32. Taddesse Tam rat: ob. cit., p. 64.
33. Taddesse Tam rat: “The Horn of Africa: the Solom onids in Ethiopia and the
States of the Horn of Africa”, General History of Africa, org. pela Unesco, v. IV, org. por D.T. Niane. Londres: Heinem ann/University of California Press/Unesco, 1984, p. 433.
34. V. Taddesse Tam rat: Church and State in Ethiopia, ed. cit., p. 100-103.
35. Jack Goody : Technology, Tradition, and the State in Africa. Londres: Oxford
University Press, 1971, p. 30-31.
36. Um a reconstrução porm enorizada dessa capital deam bulante em Taddesse
Tam rat: ob. cit., p. 269-275.
37. Padre Francisco Álvares: ob. cit., p. 341.
38. Pero Pais: ob. cit., v. I, p. 135.
39. Padre Francisco Álvares: ob. cit., p. 346; e Pero Pais: ob. cit., v. I, p. 130.
40. Sobre Tacla Haim anote e seu apostolado: Taddesse Tam rat: ob. cit., p. 160-
174.
41. Ob. cit., p. 258-260.
42. Enrico Cerulli: “Il sultanato dello Scioa nel secolo XIII”, loc. cit.
43. Ob. cit., v. I, p. 98.
44. Ibidem , p. 97.
45. Taddesse Tam rat: “The Horn of Africa: the Solom onids in Ethiopia”, cit., p.
434.
CAPÍTULO 11
1. Sobre a origem dos songais, J. Rouch: Contribution à l’histoire des Songhay.
Dacar: Mém oires de l’Institut Français de l’Afrique Noire, nº 29 (1953), p. 165-169.
2. J. Spencer Trim ingham : A History of Islam in West Africa. Londres: Oxford
University Press, 1975, p. 85, nota 1.
3. Haut-Sénégal-Niger (Soudan Français). Paris: Larose, 1912, v. I, p. 192-193.
4. Nehem ia Levtzion: “The Early States of the Western Sudan to 1500”, History
of West Africa, org. por J.F.A. Aj ay i e Michael Crowder, v. I, 3ª ed. Londres: Longm an, 1985, p. 151.
5. Segundo Al-Sadi, apud J. Spencer Trim ingham : ob. cit., p. 86.
6. Al Bakri — in Joseph M. Cuoq: Recueil des sources arabes concernant
l’Afrique Occidentale du VIIIe au XVIe siècle. Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1975, p. 108 — escreveu, na segunda m etade do século XI, que a gente de Caocao (ou Gao) adorava fetiches.
7. V. seus textos em Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 111-114.
8. J. Spencer Trim ingham : ob. cit., p. 26.
9. J.D. Fage: “Upper and Lower Guinea”, The Cam bridge History of Africa,
org. por J.D. Fage e Roland Oliver, v. 3, org. por Roland Oliver. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1977, p. 485.
10. Com o tam bém sugere J.D. Fage: A History of Africa. Londres: Hutchinson,
1985, p. 87.
11. Com o arrisca, de passagem , Nehem ia Levtzion: “The Sahara and the Sudan
from the Arab Conquest of the Maghrib to the Rise of the Am oravids”, The Cam bridge History of Africa, v. 2, org. por J.D. Fage. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1978, p. 676.
12. É o que se deduz de Al-Bakri, in Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 96.
13. Ibidem , p. 97.
14. Charles Monteil: “Le Coton chez les Noirs”, Bulletin du Com ité d’Etudes
historiques et scientifiques de l’A.O.F. Dacar: 4 (1926), p. 585-684.
15. Com o quer Ray m ond Mauny : “Notes historiques autour des principales
plantes cultivées d’Afrique occidentale”, Bullettin de l’IFAN. Dacar: v. XV (1953), nº 2, p. 684-730.
16. E.W. Bovill: The Golden Trade of the Moors, 2ª ed., revista e acrescentada
por Robin Hallett. Londres: Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 83-84.
17. Al-Bakri, in Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 90; e N. Levtzion e J.F.P. Hopkins:
Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1981, p. 73.
18. In Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 129; e N. Levtzion e J. P. Hopkins: ob. cit., p.
107.
19. D.T. Niane: “Mali and the Second Mandingo Expansion”, General History of
Africa, org. pela Unesco, v. IV, org. por D.T. Niane. Londres: Heinem ann/University of California Press/Unesco, 1984, p. 125-126.
20. Nehem ia Levtzion: Ancient Ghana and Mali. Nova York: Africana Publishing
Com pany, 1980, p. 53.
21. In Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 102.
22. In Cuoq, p. 132.
23. Stephan Bühnen: “In Quest of Susu”, History in Africa, v. 21 (1994), p. 1-47.
24. Nehem ia Levtzion: ob. cit., p. 55, nota 6, e 228, nota 6.
25. D.T. Niane: Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali, trad. de G.D. Pickett. Londres:
1965, p. 2.
26. Ibidem , p. 4-72.
27. Cf. Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 344.
28. Cf. N. Levtzion e J.F.P. Hopkins: Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West
African History, p. 333.
29. Nehem ia Levtzion: Ancient Ghana and Mali, ed. cit., p. 49.
30. Ibidem , p. 51.
31. Said Ham dun e Noël King: Ibn Battuta in Black Africa. Londres: Rex
Collings, 1975, p. 30-49.
32. Com o W.D. Cooley : The Negroland of the Arabs. Londres: 1841, p. 79-82; e
L.G. Binger: Du Niger au golfe de Guinée. Paris: 1892, v. I, p. 56-57.
33. Com o M. Delafosse (ob. cit., v. II, p. 181-182), que leu com o Niani o nom e
grafado im precisam ente (e que pode ter várias leituras) nos m anuscritos de Al-Um ari; J. Vidal: “Au suj et de l’em placem ent de Mali (ou Melli), capitale de l’ancien em pire m andingue”, Bulletin du Com ité d’Etudes historiques et scientifiques de l’A.O.F. Dacar: v. VIII (1923), p. 251-268; M. Gaillard: “Niani, ancienne capitale de l’em pire m andingue”, ibidem , p. 620-636; Nehem ia Levtzion: ob. cit., p. 61-62; D.T. Niane: “Mali and the Second Mandingo Expansion”, cit., p. 136-145.
34. M. Montrat: “Notice sur l’em placem ent de la capitale du Mali”, Notes
africaines. Dacar: 1958, p. 90-93.
35. J.O. Hunwick: “The Mid-Fourteenth Century Capital of Mali”, The Journal of
African History. Londres: v. XIV (1973), nº 2, p. 195-208.
36. Claude Meillassoux: “L’Itineraire d’Ibn Battuta de Walata a Malli”, The
Journal of African History. Londres: v. XIII (1972), nº 3, p. 389-395.
37. David C. Conrad: “A Town Called Dakalaj an: The Sunj ata Tradition and the
Question of Ancient Mali’s Capital”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 35 (1994), nº 3, p. 355-377.
38. In Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 266; N. Levtzion e J.F.P. Hopkins: cit., p. 262.
39. Peter B. Clarke: West Africa and Islam . Londres: Edward Arnold, 1982, p.
42.
40. É a tese de Nehem ia Levtzion (Ancient Ghana and Mali, ed. cit., p. 75-76)
que a opõe convincentem ente aos que pretendem que Gao e os portos caravaneiros do Sael só foram incorporados ao Mali no reinado de Mansa Musa.
41. In Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 343-350.
42. Ibidem , p. 274-275.
43. Al-Um ari, ibidem , p. 278; sobre as estadas no Cairo, ibidem , p. 275-279.
44. Robin Law: The Horse in West African History. Londres: Oxford University
Press, 1980, p. 89-91.
45. In Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 270; e N. Levtzion e J.F.P. Hopkins: cit., p. 266.
46. Ivan Hrbek: “Egy pt, Nubia and the Eastern Deserts”, The Cam bridge History
of Africa, v. 3, ed. cit., p. 90-91.
47. Charles Monteil, por exem plo: “Les Em pires du Mali”, Bulletin du Com ité
d’Etudes historiques et scientifiques de l’A.O.F. Dacar: 12, 1929, p. 291-447.
48. J. Spencer Trim ingham : ob. cit., p. 69.
49. Roderick J. McIntosh e Susan Keech McIntosh: “The Inland Niger Delta
Before the Em pire of Mali: Evidence from Jenne-Jeno”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 22 (1981), nº 1, p. 1-22; “The Early City in West Africa: Towards an Understanding”, African Archaeological Review. Cam bridge: v. 2 (1984), p. 73-98; “Cities Without Citadels: Understanding Urban Origins Along the Middle Niger”, The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, org. por Thurstan Shaw, Paul Sinclair, Bassey Andah e Alex Okpoko. Londres: Routledge, 1993, p. 622-641.
50. Roderick J. McIntosh e Susan Keech McIntosh: “The Inland Niger Delta”,
cit., p. 17.
51. O m anuscrito “Valentim Fernandes”, leitura e rev. por António Baião. Lisboa:
Academ ia Portuguesa da História, 1940, p. 52.
52. Paul Lovej oy : Caravans of Kola: The Hausa Kola Trade, 1700-1900. Zaria:
Ahm adu Bello University Press, 1980, p. 2.
53. Al-Um ari, in Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 265.
54. Nehem ia Levtzion: “The Thirteenth and Fourtheenth-Century Kings of Mali”,
The Journal of African History. Londres: v. IV (1963), nº 3, p. 349-350.
55. Com o suspeita Nehem ia Levtzion: “The Western Maghrib and Sudan”, The
Cam bridge History of Africa, v. 3, org. por Roland Oliver. Cam bridge:
Cam bridge University Press, 1977, p. 381.
56. In Said Ham dun e Noël King: ob. cit., p. 40.
57. Ibidem , p. 42.
58. Ibidem , p. 37-41. Seguem -se tam bém , na tradução, Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit.,
p. 304-307; e ainda N. Levtzion e J.F.P. Hopkins: Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History, ed. cit., p. 290-293.
59. Com o j á sugeria em 1927 Gaudefroy -Dem om by nes, na sua introdução a
Al-Um ari.
60. In Said Ham dun e Noël King: ob. cit., p. 47.
61. Al-Um ari, in Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 270.
62. Ibn Batuta, in Said Ham dun e Noël King: ob. cit., p. 44-45.
63. In Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 348-349.
64. Ibidem , p. 348-350.
65. Tarikh al-Fattash, apud Nehem ia Levtzion: Ancient Ghana and Mali, ed. cit.,
p. 109.
CAPÍTULO 12
1. Périplo do m ar Eritreu, cap. 13.
2. F.B. Pearce: Zanzibar, the Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa. Londres: T.
Fischer Unwin, Ltd., 1920, p. 25.
3. Jam es S. Kirkm an: Men and Monum ents on the East African Coast. Nova
York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966, p. 41.
4. Gervase Mathew: “The East African Coast Until the Com ing of the
Portuguese”, History of East Africa, v. I, org. por Roland Oliver e Gervase Mathew. Londres: Oxford at Clarendon Press, 1963, p. 95.
5. F.B. Pearce: ibidem .
6. Gervase Mathew: ibidem .
7. Jam es S. Kirkm an: ibidem .
8. Jam es S. Kirkm an: idem , p. 169.
9. H. N. Chittick: “The Coast of East Africa”, The African Iron Age, org. por
P.L. Shinnie. Londres: Oxford at Clarendon Press, 1971, p. 110.
10. Ásia, Prim eira Década, livro VIII, cap. IV.
11. Gervase Mathew: ob. cit., p. 97.
12. Nevile Chittick: “L’Afrique de l’Est et l’Orient: les ports et le com m erce avant
l’arrivée des Portugais”, Relations historiques à travers l’océan Indien
(com pte rendu et docum ents de travail de la réunion d’experts sur “Les contacts historiques entre l’Afrique de l’Est d’une part, et l’Asie du Sud-Est d’autre part, par les voies de l’océan Indien”, Maurice, 15-19 j uillet 1974). Paris: Unesco, 1980.
13. H.C. Baxter: “Pangani: the trade centre of ancient history ”, Tangany ika
Notes and Records. Dar-es-Salam : nº 17 (1944), p. 17; e J.W.T. Allen: “Rhapta”, Tangany ika Notes and Records. Dar-es-Salam : nº 27 (1949), p. 55-59.
14. G.W.B. Huntingford, nas notas à sua ed. do Périplo (The Periplus of the
Ery thraean Sea. Londres: The Hakluy t Society, 1980, p. 99-100).
15. H. Neville Chittick: “The East Coast, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean”, The
Cam bridge History of Africa, ed. por J.D. Fage e Roland Oliver, v. 3, ed. por Roland Oliver. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1977, p. 184.
16. Cap. 16.
17. I: 17,5.
18. IV: 8,3 e I: 17,6.
19. Gervase Mathew: ob. cit., p. 107.
20. Jam es de V. Allen: Swahili Origins, Swahili Culture and the Shungway a
Phenom ena. Londres: Jam ay s Currey, 1992.
21. D. Nurse e T. Spear: The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language
of an African Society, 800-1500. Filadélfia: Pennsy lvania University Press, 1985, p. 50.
22. Jam es S. Kirkm an: ob. cit., p. 21-22.
23. F.B. Pearce: ob. cit., p. 249-252.
24. Gervase Mathew: ob. cit., p. 102.
25. History of the Im am s and Sey y ids of Om an by Salil ibn Razik, ed. a cargo de
G. P. Badger. Londres: 1871, p. 5.
26. Ásia, Prim eira Década, livro VIII, cap. IV.
27. H. Neville Chittick: “The East Coast, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean”, cit.,
p. 199.
28. H. Neville Chittick: ob. cit., p. 199-200.
29. Prim eira Década, livro VIII, cap. VI.
30. G.S.P. Freem an-Grenville: Medieval History of the Coast of Tangany ka.
Londres: Oxford University Press, 1962.
31. Com o John Sutton: A Thousand Years of East Africa. Nairobi: British Institute
in Eastern Africa, 1990, p. 91.
32. Neville Chittick: ob. cit., p. 192.
33. John Sutton: ob. cit., p. 65.
34. Apud Neville Chittick: ob. cit., p. 192.
35. Mark C. Horton, cit. por Graham Connah: African Civilizations — Precolonial
Cities and States in Tropical Africa: an Archaeological Perspective. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1987, p. 171.
36. Paul J.J. Sinclair: “Archaeology in Eastern Africa: An Overview of Current
Chronological Issues”, The Journal of African History, v. 32 (1991), nº 2, p. 185.
37. M.C. Horton: “Early Muslim trading on the East African Coast”, Antiquaries
Journal, v. LXVIII (1986), p. 290-323.
38. H.N. Chittick: “The Coast of East Africa”, cit., p. 120-121.
39. Graham Connah: African Civilizations — Precolonial Cities and States in
Tropical Africa, p. 170 e 171.
40. Paul J.J. Sinclair: art. cit., p. 190; e P.J.J. Sinclair, J.M.F. Morais, L.
Adam owicz & R.T. Duarte: “A Perspective on Archaeological Research in Mozam bique”, The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, org. por Thurstan Shaw, Paul Sinclair, Bassey Andah e Alex Okpoko. Londres: Routledge, 1993, p. 419.
41. “The Coast Before the Arrival of the Portuguese”, Zam ani: A Survey of East
African History, org. por B.A. Ogot. Nairobi: East African Publishing House/Longm an, 1980, p. 106.
42. Com o sugere Graham Connah: African civilizations — Precolonial cities and
states in tropical Africa, p. 180.
43. Com o o faz H. Neville Chittick: “The East Coast, Madagascar and the Indian
Ocean”, cit., p. 194.
44. Ibidem , p. 193.
45. J.J.L. Duy vendak: China’s Discovery of Africa. Londres: Probsthain, 1949, p.
13-14.
46. Teobaldo Filesi: China and Africa in the Middle Ages, trad. de David L.
Morison. Londres: Frank Cass, 1972, p. 21-22.
47. Gervase Mathew: ob. cit., p. 108.
48. Ibidem ; e I. Hrbek: “Africa in the Context of World History ”, General
History of Africa, org. pela Unesco, v. III, org. por M. El Fasi e I. Hrbek. Londres: Heinem ann / University of California / Unesco, 1988, p. 27-28.
49. Hubert Descham ps: Histoire de Madagascar, 4ª ed. rev. Paris: Berger
Levrault, 1972, p. 41.
50. J. de V. Allen: “Propositions en vue d’études sur l’Océan Indien”, Relations
historiques à travers l’océan Indien, cit., p. 150-151.
51. I. Hrbek: cit., p. 28; e John Sutton: cit., p. 66.
52. Assim quer Hubert Descham ps: ob. cit., p. 41, nota.
53. Com o afirm a A. Rita-Ferreira: Presença luso-asiática e m utações culturais
no sul de Moçam bique (até c. 1900). Lisboa: Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical/Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultram ar, 1982, p. 50.
54. B. Dom enichini-Ram iaram anana: “Madagascar”, General History of
Africa, org. pela Unesco, cit., p. 701-702.
55. I. Hrbek: ibidem .
56. Gervase Mathew: ob. cit., p. 110.
57. Com o propõe Neville Chittick: “The ‘Shirazi’ Colonization of East Africa”,
The Journal of African History. Londres: v. VI (1965), nº 3, p. 290 e 292.
58. I. M. Lewis: “Historical Aspects of Genealogies in Northern Som ali Social
Structure”, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. III (1962), nº 1, p. 43-46.
59. John Sutton: ob. cit., p. 79-80.
60. Esta é a tese de Neville Chittick: “The ‘Shirazi’ Colonization of East Africa”,
cit., p. 291-293.
61. H.N. Chittick: “The Coast of East Africa”, cit., p. 125.
62. Com o sugere V.V. Matveiev: “The Developm ent of the Swahili Civilization”,
General History of Africa, org. pela Unesco, v. IV, org. por D.T. Niane. Londres: Heinem ann/University of California Press/Unesco, 1984, p. 467.
63. Jam es S. Kirkm an: ob. cit., p. 44-45; H. Neville Chittick: “The East Coast,
Madagascar and the Indian Ocean”, cit., p. 197.
64. H. Neville Chittick: ob. cit., p. 203.
65. Ibidem , p. 206.
66. V. descrição de Husuni Kubwa e de Husuni Ndogo em Neville Chittick:
“Kilwa and the Arab Settlem ent of the East African Coast”, Papers in African Prehistory, org. por J.D. Fage e Roland Oliver. Londres: Cam bridge University Press, 1970, p. 243-248.
67. Jam es S. Kirkm an: ob. cit., p. 201.
68. Loc. cit., p. 86.
69. H. Neville Chittick: “The East Coast, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean”, cit.,
p. 205.
70. Said Ham dun e Noël King: Ibn Battuta in Black Africa. Londres: Rex
Collings, 1975, p. 19-21.
71. Lendas da Índia, 1º v. Lisboa: Academ ia Real das Ciências, 1858.
72. Prim eira Década, livro VIII, cap. IV.
73. O m anuscrito “Valentim Fernandes”, leitura e revisão das provas por António
Baião. Lisboa: Academ ia Portuguesa da História, 1940, p. 17.
74. Cit., p. 15.
75. Said Ham dun e Noël King: ob. cit., nº 18, p. 67.
76. Ibidem , p. 13-18.
77. Segundo a Crônica de Pate, apud V. V. Matveiev; ob. cit., p. 476-477.
78. M. D. D. Newitt: Portuguese settlem ent on the Zam bezi. Nova York: African
Publishing Co., 1973.
79. George H.O. Abungu e Henry W. Mutoro: “Coast-Interior Settlem ents and
Social Relations in the Keny a Coastal Hinterland”, The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, ed. cit., p. 694-704.
80. Cit. por Vitorino Magalhães Godinho: Ensaios, v. I: Sobre história universal.
Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa Editora, 1968, p. 116.
81. Jan Hogendorn e Marion Johnson: The Shell Money of the Slave Trade.
Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1986, p. 12.
82. H. Neville Chittick: “The East Coast, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean”, p.
217.
83. Jam es S. Kirkm an: ob. cit., p. 91.
84. J. H. Parry : Europe and a Wider World, 1415-1715. Londres: Hutchinson,
1949, p. 21; e The Discovery of the Sea. Nova York: Dial, 1974.
85. Louise Levathes: When China Ruled the Seas. Nova York: Sim on & Shuster,
1994, p. 138.
86. Teobaldo Filesi: ob. cit., p. 28 e 33.
87. Ibidem , p. 169.
88. Vitorino Magalhães Godinho: Os descobrim entos e a econom ia m undial, 2ª
ed. Lisboa: Editorial Presença, 1982, v. III, p. 52.
89. J. Debisse e S. Labib: “Africa in Inter-Continental Relations”, General
History of Africa, org. pela Unesco, v. IV, ed. cit., p. 658, nota. 69.
90. Louise Levathes: ob. cit., p. 80 e 82.
91. Ob. cit., p. 35.
92. Teobaldo Filesi: ob. cit., p. 3.
93. Ibidem , p. 61.
94. Ibidem , p. 68.
95. Ensaios, v. III: Sobre teoria da história e historiografia. Lisboa: Livraria Sá da
Costa Editora, 1971, p. 18.
96. Gedi: The Palace. Haia: Mouton & Co., 1963.
97. J. de V. Allen, apud Graham Connah: ob. cit., p. 163.
98. Ham o Sassoon: “Excavations at the Site of Early Mom basa”, Azania.
Nairobi: v. XVII (1980), p. 38.
99. Prim eira Década, Livro IV, cap. 5.
100. T.H. Wilson, cit. por Peter Robertshaw: “Archaeology in Eastern Africa:
Recent Developm ents and More Dates”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 25 (1984), nº 4, p. 385.
101. “A New Look at the History of Pate”, The Journal of African History.
Londres: v. X (1969), nº 3, p. 375-391.
102. Ásia, Prim eira Década, livro IV, cap. III.
103. Com o, de form a distinta, defendem Hubert Descham ps (ob. cit.) e
Ray m ond K. Kent (Early Kingdom s in Madagascar, 1500-1700. Nova York: Rinehart & Winston, 1970).
104. Apud Hubert Descham ps: ob. cit., p. 25 e 48; e Ray m ond K. Kent: ob. cit., p.
69-74.
105. B. Dom enichini-Ram iaram anana: cit., p. 684, 690, 696-700.
106. Ibidem , p. 696.
107. Chantal Radim ilahy : “Ancient Iron-Working in Madagascar”, The
Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, cit., p. 482.
108. P. Ottino, apud F. Esoavelom androso: “Madagascar and the Neighboring
Islands from the 12th to the 16th Century ”, General History of Africa, org. pela Unesco, v. IV, cit., p. 600.
109. F. Esoavelom androso: ob. cit., p. 601.
110. Charles Ravoaj anahary : “Le peuplem ent de Madagascar: tentatives
d’approche”, Relations historiques à travers l’océan Indien, cit., p. 94-95.
111. Hubert Descham ps: ob. cit., p. 26.
112. H. Neville Chittick: “The East Coast, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean”,
cit., p. 223.
113. Ásia, Segunda Década, livro I, cap. 1.
114. Hubert Descham ps: ob. cit., p. 48.
115. H. N. Chittick: ob. cit., p. 225.
116. Mervin Brown: Madagascar Rediscovered. Londres: Dam ien Tunnacliffe,
1978, p. 22.
117. Hubert Descham ps: ob. cit., p. 53 e 58.
118. Ibidem , p. 59.
119. Ray m ond K. Kent: ob. cit., p. 190-196.
120. O. Dahl, apud Pierre Vérin: “Les apports culturels et la contribution
africaine au peuplem ent du Madagascar”, Relations historiques à travers l’océan Indien, cit., p. 106.
CAPÍTULO 13
1. Com o o faz Abdullahi Sm ith: “The Early States of the Central Sudan”, em
History of West Africa, org. por J.F.A. Aj ay i e Michael Crowder, v. I, 2ª ed. Londres: Longm an, 1976, p. 155-158.
2. Three Thousand Years in Africa: Man and his Environm ent in the Lake Chad
Region of Nigeria. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1981, p. 83-91.
3. Ibidem , p. 91-98.
4. Ibidem , p. 99-196.
5. Ibidem , p. 116.
6. “The Daim a Sequence and the Prehistoric Chronology of the Lake Chad
Region of Nigeria”, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. XVII (1976), nº 3, p. 334.
7. Graham Connah: Three Thousand Years in Africa, ed. cit., p. 146.
8. Augustin Holl: “Transition from Late Stone Age to Iron Age in the Sudano-
Sahelian Zone: a Case Study from the Perichadian Plain”, The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, org. por Thurstan Shaw, Paul Sinclair, Bassey Andah e Alex Okpoko. Londres: Routledge, 1993, p. 338 e 341-343; e Ibrahim Musa Muham m ed: “Iron Technology in the Middle Sahel/Savanna: with Em phasis on Central Darfur”, ibidem , p. 463-464.
9. Graham Connah: Three Thousand Years in Africa, cit., p. 148.
10. Ibidem , p. 111.
11. Brian M. du Toit: “Man and Cannabis in Africa: A Study of Diffusion”,
African Econom ic History. Madison: 1976, nº 1, p. 17-35.
12. F.R. Wulsin, Jean-Paul Lebeuf, Brian Fagan e David W. Phillipson, cit. por
Graham Connah: ob. cit., p. 165.
13. John Edward Philips: “African Sm oking and Pipes”, The Journal of African
History. Cam bridge: v. 24 (1983), nº 3, p. 314.
14. Com o faz Graham Connah: ob. cit., p. 165-167.
15. Jean-Paul Lebeuf e A. Masson Detourbet: La civilisation du Tchad. Paris:
Pay ot, 1950, e Jean-Paul Lebeuf: Archéologie tchadienne: les Sao du Cam eroun et du Tchad. Paris: Herm ann, 1962.
16. Through Nigeria to Lake Chad. Londres: Heath Cranton Ltd., 1924, p. 203-
214.
17. “Prelim inaires pour une histoire des Sao”, The Journal of African History.
Cam bridge: v. 30 (1989), nº 2, p. 189-210.
18. R. Cohen: “The Just-So So? A Spurious Tribal Grouping in Western Sudanic
History ”, Man. Nova York: 1962, nº 62, p. 153-154.
19. Jean-Paul Lebeuf e A. Masson Detourbet: ob. cit., p. 47, 51-53.
20. Ibidem , p. 90-93.
21. Jean-Paul Lebeuf em Art ancien du Tchad (catálogo da exposição no Grand
Palais). Paris: 1962, p. XVIII.
22. Jean-Paul Lebeuf e A. Masson Detourbet: ob. cit., p. 113-115.
23. Ibidem , p. 68-69.
24. Ibidem , p. 128.
25. Com o insinua Jean Laude: Les arts de l’Afrique Noire. Paris: Le Livre de
Poche, 1966, p. 223-224.
26. Desde, pelo m enos, 1962, quando J. Spencer Trim ingham publicou A History
of Islam in West Africa. V. a p. 110 da ed. de 1975 da Oxford University Press, Londres.
27. Joseph M. Cuoq: Recueil des sources arabes concernant l’Afrique
Occidentale du VIIIe au XVIe siècle. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1975, p. 41; e N. Levtzion e J.F.P. Hopkins: Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History. Cam bridge: Cam bridge University Press, 1981, p. 14-15.
28. Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 52; N. Levtzion e J.F.P. Hopkins: ob. cit., p. 21.
29. Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 78.
30. Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 140; N. Levtzion e J.F.P. Hopkins: ob. cit., p. 114.
31. Dierk Lange: “Progrès de l’Islam et changem ent politique au Kanem du XIe
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33. Assim pensa Murray Last: “The Early Kingdom s of the Nigerian Savanna”,
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34. Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 150-152; N. Levtzion e J.F.P. Hopkins: ob. cit., p.
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35. Principalm ente por Abdullahi Sm ith: ob. cit., p. 162-163.
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Arabic Manuscripts Relating to the Central and Western Sudan, 3 vols. Lagos: Governm ent Printer, 1928; e Y. Urvoy : Histoire de l’em pire de Bornou. Paris: Larose, Mém oires de l’Institut Français de l’Afrique Noire, 1949.
37. Dierk Lange: Le Diwan des sultans du (Kanem -) Bornu: chronologie et
histoire d’un roy aum e africain (de la fin du 10e siècle j usqu’à 1808). Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1977.
38. Com o J. Spencer Trim ingham (ob. cit., p. 114-115), que se louva em
Heinrich Barth.
39. Com o Abdullahi Sm ith: ob. cit., p. 162-163.
40. Roland Oliver e Brian M. Fagan: Africa in the Iron Age. Cam bridge:
Cam bridge University Press, 1975, p. 152.
41. Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 60 e 62; N. Levtzion e J.F.P. Hopkins: ob. cit., p. 31.
42. H.J. Fisher: “The Eastern Maghrib and the Central Sudan”, The Cam bridge
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44. Bawuro Barkindo: “Early States of the Central Sudan: Kanem , Borno and
Som e of their Neighbours to c. 1500 AD”, History of West Africa, org. por J.F.A. Aj ay i e Michael Crowder, v. I, 3ª ed., cit., p. 229.
45. Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 49; N. Levtzion e J.F.P. Hopkins: ob. cit., p. 22.
46. Cuoq: p. 78; Levtzion e Hopkins: p. 171.
47. Sobre a passagem do cam elo para o cavalo: Hum phrey J. Fisher: “‘He
Swalloweth the Ground with Fierceness and Rage’: The Horse in the Central Sudan”, 2ª parte, The Journal of African History. Londres: v. XIV (1973), nº 3, p. 356.
48. Nehem ia Levtzion: Ancient Ghana and Mali. Nova York: Africana Publishing
Com pany, 1980, p. 174-175.
49. Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 82; N. Levtzion e J.F.P. Hopkins: ob. cit., p. 64.
50. Com o o “revisor” do Kitab al-Istibar (Cuoq: ob. cit. p. 176; Levtzion e
Hopkins: ob. cit., p. 138) e Ibn Said (Cuoq: p. 209; Levtzion e Hopkins: p. 188).
51. In Thom as Hodgkin: Nigerian Perspectives, 2ª ed. Londres: Oxford
University Press, 1975, p. 88-90.
52. Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 260; N. Levtzion e J.F.P. Hopkins: ob. cit., p. 261.
53. Bawuro Barkindo: ob. cit., p. 233-235.
54. Le Diwan des sultans du (Kanem -) Bornu, ed. cit., cap. V.
55. Bawuro Barkindo: ob. cit., p. 230-231.
56. Dierk Lange: “Progrès de l’Islam et Changem ent Politique au Kanem du XIe
au XIIIe Siècle: Un Essai d’Interprétation”, cit., p. 512-513.
57. H.J. Fisher: “The Eastern Maghrib and the Central Sudan”, cit., p. 263 e 290.
58. H.R. Palm er: ob. cit., v. I, p. 70.
59. V. Abdullahi Sm ith: ob. cit., p. 167.
60. Apud Dierk Lange: “L’éviction des Sefuwa du Kanem et l’origine des
Bulala”, The Journal of African History. Cam bridge: v. 23 (1982), nº 3, p. 321.
61. V., a propósito, A.D.H. Bivar e P.L. Shinnie: “Old Kanuri Capitals”, The
Journal of African History. Londres: v. III (1962), nº 1, p. 1-9.
62. D. Lange: “The Kingdom s and Peoples of Chad”, cit., p. 256.
63. Bawuro Barkindo: ob. cit., p. 239.
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337.
65. Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a Journal of an
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66. H.J. Fisher: ob. cit., p. 291.
67. Apresentada por Dierk Lange: art. cit., p. 326-329.
68. H.R. Palm er: ob. cit., v. II, p. 39.
69. Robin Law: The Horse in West African History. Londres: International
African Institute/Oxford University Press, 1980, p. 17, 27 e 177.
70. Ibidem , p. 28.
71. Conform e carta do m ai Osm an b. Idris ao sultão do Egito, transcrita por Al-
Kallashandi. In Joseph M. Cuoq: ob. cit., p. 378.
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355.
73. Dierk Lange: Le Diwan des sultans du (Kanem -)Bornu, ed. cit., p. 76-77.
74. Apud Dierk Lange: “L’éviction des Sefuwa du Kanem et l’origine des
Bulala”, cit., p. 318.
75. Com o advoga Dierk Lange, no art. cit.
76. Murray Last: ob. cit., p. 211-218.
77. Abdullahi Sm ith: ob. cit., p. 169-170.
78. J. Spencer Trim ingham : ob. cit., p. 125.
79. La descrizione dell’Africa di Giovan Lioni Africano, in Giovanni Battista
Ram usio: Navigazioni e Viaggi, ed. org. por Marica Milanesi, v. I. Torino: Giulio Einaudi Editore, 1978, p. 386-387 (a 1ª ed. deste v. de Ram usio é de 1550).
80. John E. Lavers: “Kanem and Borno to 1808”, Groundwork of Nigerian
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81. Com o argum enta Graham Connah: Three Thousand Years in Africa: Man