Referências bibliográficas

 

FONTES PRIMÀRIAS

 

Para escrever este livro, recorri a materiais de acervos de manuscritos, arquivos e bibliotecas na Inglaterra, Estados Unidos, Alemanha e Austrália. Nos Arquivos Reais do Castelo de Windsor, em Berkshire, na Inglaterra, li a correspondência entre Vitória e o marido, filhos, primeiros-ministros, secretários, ministros, amigos e membros da Casa Real. Percorri várias vezes seus aposentos na Casa Osborne, na Ilha de Wight, bem como no Castelo de Windsor, no Palácio de Buckingham e no Castelo de Balmoral na Escócia. A Casa Osborne continua praticamente igual desde a morte de Vitória, e ainda está repleta de lembranças, moldes de membros dos bebês, cachos de cabelos dos filhos, pinturas encomendadas por um casal jovem e de grandes posses.

Vitória deixou muitos milhões de palavras escritas. Para a sorte dos pesquisadores, seus diários agora estão disponíveis on-line. Um século atrás, a tarefa hercúlea de editar suas cartas foi empreendida por Arthur Christopher Benson e pelo visconde Esher, prosseguida por George Earle Buckle. As cartas da rainha à filha mais velha estão conservadas em Friedrichshof, perto de Frankfurt na Alemanha, a cargo da Kurhessische Hausstiftung, a fundação da família da casa de Hesse. Roger Fulford passou os anos de 1964 a 1981 a editar essa correspondência; Agatha Ramm produziu o volume final em 1991.

Outros materiais foram obtidos em coleções que incluem as seguintes: Papéis de Aberdeen, Coleção de Manuscritos da Biblioteca Britânica, St.

Pancras, Londres.

Papéis de Althorp, Correspondência com Sir Henry Ponsonby, secretário

particular da Rainha Vitória, muitos em nome da rainha, Biblioteca

Britânica.

Papéis de Ayrton, Biblioteca Britânica.

Diário de Artur Benson, Magdalene College Library, Cambridge, Inglaterra. Coleções de Jornais da Biblioteca Britânica, Colindale Avenue, Londres,

Inglaterra.

Diários de Lady Katherine Clarendon, Papéis de Clarendon, MSS Eng. E.

2122-5, Coleção Especial da Biblioteca Bodleian. Papéis da Coleção Família Conroy, Balliol College, Oxford. Papéis de Lord Cross, Biblioteca Britânica.

Benjamin Disraeli, correspondência com a rainha Vitória, Western

Manuscripts, MSS Disraeli, NRA 842 Disraeli, Coleção Especial da

Biblioteca Bodleian.

Imperatriz Frederick, Cartas, Kurhessische Hausstiftung, Schloss Fasanerie,

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Ernest II, duque of Saxe-Coburgo, Staatsarchiv Coburg, Alemanha. Papéis Gladstone, incluindo correspondência com a rainha Vitória e seus

secretários particulares, 1845-94, Biblioteca Britânica. Sir William Harcourt, Correspondência com a rainha Vitória 1880-81, MS

Harcourt dep. 365; e 1882-83, MS Harcourt dep. 2 Coleção Especial da

Biblioteca Bodleian.

Arquivos da princesa Dorothea von Lieven, Coleção de Manuscritos da

Biblioteca Britânica.

Princesa Dorothea von Lieven, cartas Acervo Marie Mallet, Balliol College,

Oxford.

Arquivos Marie Mallet, dama de companhia, Balliol College, Oxford.

Papéis da Família Morier, K1/4/4, 1866-72, cartas da rainha Vitória ao

general Peel, Balliol College, Oxford.

Papéis de Nightingale, Vol. XII, Add. MSS 45750, Biblioteca Britânica. Papéis de Peel, Biblioteca Britânica.

Acervo Rainha Vitória, Palácio de Kensington, Londres, Inglaterra. “Album Consolativum” da Rainha Vitória, Biblioteca Britânica. Papéis de James Reid, Arquivos da Família Reid, Lanton Tower, Lanton,

Scotland.

Yvonne Ward, tese de doutorado, “Editing Queen Victoria: How Men of

Letters Constructed the Young Queen”, Biblioteca Borchardt,

Universidade La Trobe em Bundoora, Austrália. Diário de Lady Waterpark como dama de companhia da rainha Vitória,

1865-1891, Biblioteca Britânica.

Arquivo sobre o Sufrágio Feminino, Add. 74952, apelo no Jubileu: 1897,

Biblioteca Britânica.

 

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Edward, o duque de Kent, era um

militar orgulhoso. Adorava a filha

pequena e alardeava que, mesmo

tendo poucas chances, ela seria

rainha.

Victoire, a mãe alemã de Vitória,

seria para sempre uma estrangeira

na Inglaterra, apesar de ter

ambição de mais poder para si

mesma.

Criança robusta, Vitória parecia

um rei de saias; a jovem princesa

adorava bonecas e era muito

birrenta.

Quando Vitória, com apenas dezoito anos, foi informada da

morte do rei, já estava pronta para se tornar rainha. Sua

governanta, no entanto, se encontrava atrás da porta,

segurando sais aromáticos.

Em 1851, as vestes do casório

tinham ficado mais apertadas —

embora, mesmo onze anos mais

tarde, Vitória ainda gostasse de

reviver o momento, como que

para lembrar aos súditos que

continuava noiva de seu belo

esposo.

O pintor americano Thomas Sully

estava ansioso por capturar a “voz

suave” e os “modos delicados” de

Vitória no ano de sua coroação. A

atitude de Vitória recebeu elogios,

pois manteve a compostura

enquanto os homens ao seu redor

se atrapalhavam em seus

discursos e tropeçavam nos

degraus.

Albert era “extremamente bonito”, escreveu a apaixonada

Vitória em seu diário. Ficou tão encantada pelos “delicados

bigodinhos” que sugeriu que todos os oficiais britânicos

fossem orientados a cultivar o mesmo estilo.

Em 1859, aos quarenta anos,

Vitória estava no auge: tinha nove

filhos, uma nação que evitara a

revolução e um adorado esposo.

Considerava magnífico este

retrato — de autoria de Franz

Xaver Winterhalter, um dos

pintores prediletos da corte.

Filhos de Vitória

 

Vicky, a filha mais velha de

Vitória e Albert, era uma criança

precoce e inteligente. Casou-se na

adolescência e foi viver na

Prússia, onde teve que lidar com

súditos hostis e um filho cruel, o

futuro Kaiser Guilherme II.

Vitória (aqui com Bertie, Vicky, Alice e Alfred) era uma

educadora severa e profundamente interessada na vida dos

filhos.

A Casa Osborne, na exuberante e

tranquila Ilha de Wight, foi a

primeira residência privada da

família real. Vitória, que sonhava

com atmosferas puras e

tranquilas, sentia-se em êxtase:

“Tudo só nosso”.

Bertie era um rapaz sociável cujo

charme excedia o intelecto; os

pais, temendo que tivesse alguma

deficiência, pediram que seu

crânio fosse examinado. Muito

consciente do desapontamento

que era para eles, o futuro rei

Eduardo VII se tornou rebelde e

lascivo.

Vitória e Albert adoravam

Beatrice, a caçula (aqui

desenhada por Vitória). Na noite

em que Albert morreu, Vitória

dormiu segurando a mão dela e,

posteriormente, manteve um

firme controle sobre toda a sua

vida.

O mais brilhante evento do

reinado de Vitória foi a Exposição

Universal de 1851, graças à

iniciativa e aos esforços de

Albert. “Somos capazes”,

escreveu Vitória, “de fazer

praticamente qualquer coisa.”

A baronesa Lehzen, governanta

de Vitória, ensinou a pupila a ser

uma rainha forte e determinada.

Albert considerava excessiva sua

influência sobre a esposa e

decidiu que ela deveria ir embora.

O rei Leopoldo I, tio de Vitória,

era conselheiro fiel e preocupado

com a princesa órfã de pai.

Apoiou a união dela com Albert,

tendo com isso elevado um

parente Coburgo ao topo do

Império Britânico.

Vitória teve uma leve queda por

seu espirituoso primeiro-ministro

Lord Melbourne, e o sentimento

era em parte mútuo. Depois, tanto

Vitória quanto os editores de sua

correspondência viriam a se

envergonhar pelo efusivo afeto

que ela sentira por esse homem

mais velho.

John Conroy, antigo oficial do

Exército, cobiçava o poder e

tentou forçar Vitória a ceder o

controle da Coroa à mãe dela e a

ele. Vitória o desprezava.

Os poemas de Lord Tennyson

foram fonte de conforto para

Vitória em sua inconsolável

viuvez. Foi um dos poucos a

reconhecer quanto ela estava

sozinha “naquela terrível altura”.

Vitória considerava Peel

inflexível e reservado; pouco

depois de ascender ao trono, ela

impediu sua posse como

primeiro-ministro, para manter

Lord Melbourne no cargo. Albert,

porém, admirava-o e mais tarde

Vitória também passou a ter

admiração por ele.

Residências reais

 

Logo após se tornar rainha, Vitória quis morar no claro e

espaçoso Palácio de Buckingham. Mas o sistema de esgotos e a ventilação eram precários, tornando o local um ambiente

opressivo.

Vitória nunca se sentiu plenamente confortável no Castelo

de Windsor, mas, após a morte de Albert no local em 1861,

ela tomou o cuidado de deixá-lo exatamente igual ao que era

quando o marido estava vivo.

Albert trabalhou em parceria com o renomado arquiteto

Thomas Cubitt para que a Casa Osborne fosse feita em estilo

italiano, o perfeito refúgio de verão para sua família.

O casal real ficou encantado com o Castelo de Balmoral em

diversas ocasiões, desde a primeira vez em que lá estiveram,

em 1848. Vitória escreveu que “o lugar parecia respirar

liberdade e paz, fazendo com que se esqueça do mundo e sua

triste confusão”.

Albert adorava o isolamento das Highlands, dizendo à sua madrasta que “é raro ver pessoas lá; onde a neve cobre os

cumes das montanhas e os gamos selvagens se aproximam furtivos da casa e eu, muito esperto, também me aproximo

sorrateiro dos machos mansos”. Vitória aguardava ansiosa as

notícias das caçadas do esposo.

A morte de Albert

 

Pensador progressista e culto com

uma rigorosa ética de trabalho,

Albert teve papel fundamental no

desenvolvimento das monarquias

modernas: neutras,

constitucionais e respeitáveis.

Mesmo tendo acabado de entrar

nos quarenta, envelheceu

precocemente em razão da carga

opressiva de trabalho, da

melancolia e da saúde frágil.

O retrato póstumo de Albert o

mostrava jovem e como um

templário travando o último

combate de sua vida. Vitória fez a

inscrição: “Lutei uma boa batalha

e concluí minha jornada”.

Em 1862, poucas semanas após a

morte do pai, a princesa Louise,

artista talentosa, fez esta pintura

de Vitória sonhando com o

reencontro com o marido. A data

é 10 de fevereiro, aniversário de

casamento deles.

No período posterior à morte de Albert, a rainha recriava

sóbrias cenas matinais em fotografias, reunindo suas filhas

em trajes negros em torno do busto do finado. “A casa

inteira”, escreveu uma dama de companhia, “parece

Pompeia.”

Os filhos o apelidaram de “o

garanhão da rainha”, mas Vitória

o considerava seu melhor amigo,

dizendo-lhe: “Ninguém ama você

mais do que eu”. Forte,

grandalhão e irreverente, Brown

era o único capaz de convencer a

rainha a fazer algo que não

quisesse.

O extravagante premiê tory

Benjamin Disraeli fazia do

charme pessoal uma forma de

arte. Ele divertia e bajulava a

rainha, chamando-a de sua “Fada

Rainha”.

O intelectual William Gladstone

foi primeiro-ministro quatro

vezes. Era adorado pelo povo,

mas incapaz de conquistar a

simpatia da rainha. Disse que “a

rainha por si só é suficiente para

matar qualquer homem”.

Vitória morreu nos braços de seu

neto, o Kaiser Guilherme II.

Apenas catorze anos depois, ele

declararia guerra contra a

Inglaterra.

Quando a caçula de Vitória,

Beatrice, se casou com Henry de

Battenberg, a mãe passou sete

meses sem lhe dirigir a palavra.

Quando o galante Henry morreu

num navio na costa da África, as

duas mulheres se reconciliaram.

Bertie, futuro rei Eduardo VII, era

apreciador de jogos de azar,

corridas de cavalo e bordéis.

Mesmo na velhice, Vitória

relutava em delegar missões

oficiais ao filho mais velho.

Abdul Karim, conhecido como

munshi, conquistou Vitória e

ganhou sua afeição, inicialmente

como criado à mesa e depois

como escriturário. A família dela

não gostava nem confiava nele.

Mesmo aos oitenta anos, Vitória

exercia vigorosamente suas

funções de monarca. Devorava

relatos da Guerra dos Bôeres, que

eclodiu em 1899.

Há poucos registros fotográficos

de Vitória sorrindo, embora ela

tivesse um ótimo senso de humor.

Esta foto foi tirada no Jubileu de

Ouro, em 1887; suas filhas

consideravam o sorriso

inapropriado na figura de um

monarca.

O escocês James Reid foi o

atencioso médico de Vitória nas

últimas décadas de sua vida. Ela

lhe confiou as instruções de seu

funeral, entre elas alguns de seus

mais íntimos segredos. Seus

impecáveis cadernos de anotações

contêm revelações significativas

sobre a intimidade da rainha.

Quando a rainha Vitória morreu, em 1901, as ruas ficaram

apinhadas de multidões em surpreendente silêncio. O

escritor Henry James observou que “todos nós nos sentíamos

órfãos de mãe”.