4. A tirania dos primos

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21. Robert M. Faris et al., “Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U. S. Presidential Election”. Relatório de pesquisa do Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, 2017.

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22. Abigail W. Geiger, “Key Findings about the Online News Landscape in America”. Pew Research Center, 11 set. 2019.

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23. Adi Robertson, “Mark Zuckerberg Is Struggling to Explain Why Breitbart Belongs on Facebook News”. The Verge, 25 out. 2019.

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24. Todas as conclusões desse parágrafo e do seguinte vêm de Robert M. Faris et al., “Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation”, op. cit.

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4. A tirania dos primos

1. Paul Walsh, “Full Transcript: Walter Palmer Speaks about Cecil the Lion Controversy”. Minneapolis Star Tribune , 7 set. 2015.

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2. Ibid.

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3. “Zimbabwe's ‘Iconic' Lion Cecil Killed by Hunter”. BBC News, 27 jul. 2015.

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4. Michael Arrington, “Odeo Releases Twttr”. TechCrunch, 15 jul. 2006.

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5. Jack Dorsey, “twttr sketch”. Flickr, 24 mar. 2006.

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6. Em reação típica da época, Mark Pfeifle, conselheiro de Segurança Nacional na Casa Branca de George W. Bush, insistiu por um prêmio Nobel da Paz ao Twitter, sem o qual, escreveu, “o povo do Irã não se sentiria capacitado nem confiante para encarar a liberdade e a democracia”. Mark Pfeifle, “A Nobel Peace Prize for Twitter?”. Christian Science Monitor , 6 jul. 2009.

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7. Jordan Valinsky, “Outrage and Backlash: #CecilTheLion Racks Up 670K Tweets in 24 Hours”. Digiday.com, 29 jul. 2015.

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8. Hanna Kozlowska, “The Entire World Is Enraged with Walter Palmer, the American Dentist Who Killed Cecil the Lion”. Qz.com, 28 jul. 2015.

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9. Justin Ray, “Stars Blast Minnesota Dentist Over Killing of Cecil the Lion”. NBC News, 31 jul. 2015.

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10. Christina Capecchi e Katie Rogers, “Killer of Cecil the Lion Finds Out That He Is a Target Now, of Internet Vigilantism”. The New York Times , 29 jul. 2015.

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11. Comentário de CinnamonDolceLatte (nome de usuário) na postagem “Meanwhile, Outside Walter Palmer's Dentistry Office”. Reddit, 29 jul.

2015.

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12. Ravi Somaiya, “Where Clicks Reign, Audience Is King”. The New York Times , 16 ago. 2015.

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13. James Williams, “The Clickbait Candidate”. Quillette, 3 out. 2016.

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14. Ibid.

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15. Jonathan Haidt, “The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology”. Science , v. 316, n. 5827, 18 maio 2007.

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16. Kiley Hamlin et al. “How Infants and Toddlers React to Antisocial Others”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , v. 108, n. 50, 13 dez. 2011. Ver também Paul Bloom, Just Babies: The Origins of Good and Evil (Nova York: Crown, 2013). [Ed. bras.: O que nos faz bons ou maus. Trad. de Eduardo Rieche. Rio de Janeiro: Best Seller, 2014.] Bloom é coautor dos estudos de Hamlin.

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17. Jonathan Haidt, “The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology”, op. cit.

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18. Id., “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment”. Psychological Review , out. 2001.

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19. Kim Mai-Cutler, “A Dongle Joke That Spiraled Way Out of Control”. TechCrunch, 21 mar. 2013.

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20. Kate Klonick, “Re-Shaming the Debate: Social Norms, Shame, and Regulation in an Internet Age”. Maryland Law Review , v. 76, n. 4, 2016.

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21. Ibid.

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22. Jon Ronson, “How One Stupid Tweet Blew Up Justine Sacco's Life”. The New York Times Magazine , 12 fev. 2015.

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23. Chris McGreal, “The Nazi Salute Picture That Divided an American Town”. The Guardian , 10 jan. 2019.

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24. Aaron Calvin, “Twitter Hates Me. The Des Moines Register Fired Me. Here's What Really Happened”. Columbia Journalism Review , 4 nov. 2019.

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25. Rob Eshman, “The CEO of Holy Land Hummus I Know Doesn't Match the Social Media Monster”. The Forward , 8 jun. 2020.

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26. Laura Miller, “Bogus Social Media Outrage Is Making Authors Change Lines in Their Books Now”. Slate , 8 jun. 2021.

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27. Michael Powell, “Inside a Battle Over Race, Class, and Power at Smith College”. The New York Times , 24 fev. 2021.

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28. Rui Fan et al. “Anger Is More Influential Than Joy: Sentiment Correlation in Weibo”. PLOS One , v. 9, n. 10, out. 2014.

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29. Adam D. I. Kramer et al., “Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion through Social Networks”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , v. 111, n. 24, jun. 2014; Edda Humprecht et al., “Hostile Emotions in News Comments: A Cross-National Analysis of Facebook Discussions”. Social Media + Society , v. 6, n. 1, mar. 2020; Sebastián Valenzuela et al., “Behavioral Effects of Framing on Social Media Users: How Conflict, Economic, Human Interest, and Morality Frames Drive News Sharing”. Journal of Communication , v. 67, n. 5, out. 2017; William J. Brady et al., “Emotion Shapes the Diffusion of Moralized Content in Social Networks”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , v. 114, n. 28, jul. 2017; “Critical Posts Get More Likes, Comments, and Shares than Other Posts”. Pew Research Center, 21 fev. 2017.

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30. Um resumo do experimento e suas conclusões: Lee Alan Dugatkin e Lyudmila Trut, “How to Tame a Fox and Build a Dog” (American Scientist , v. 105, n. 4, jul.-ago. 2017). Lee Alan Dugatkin, “The Silver Fox Domestication Experiment”. Evolution: Education and Outreach , v. 11, n. 1, 2018.

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31. Lyudmila Trut. “Early Canid Domestication: The Farm-Fox Experiment”. American Scientist , v. 87, n. 2, mar.-abr. 1999.

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32. A extrapolação da pesquisa de Trut e as lições imediatamente subsequentes para a antropologia e comportamento humanos são a base de Richard Wrangham, The Goodness Paradox: The Strange Relationship between Virtue and Violence in Human Evolution (Nova York: Vintage, 2019). Embora essas conexões e conclusões estejam longe de ser apenas de Wrangham, ele é a figura mais conectada à teoria como um todo.

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33. Ibid., p. 274.

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34. Ernest Gellner, Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and Its Rivals . Nova York: Allen Lane, 1994. [Ed. bras.: Condições da liberdade: A sociedade civil e seus rivais. Trad. de Lucy Magalhães. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar, 1996.]

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35. Richard Wrangham, The Goodness Paradox , op. cit., p. 275.

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36. Id., “Evolution of Coalitionary Killing”. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology , v. 42, n. 1, 1999. Ver também id., The Goodness Paradox , op. cit., p. 244.

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37. Katrina M. Fincher e Philip E. Tetlock, “Perceptual Dehumanization of Faces Is Activated by Norm Violations and Facilitates Norm Enforcement”. Journal of Experimental Psychology , v. 145, n. 2, 2016.

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38. Justin Tosi e Brandon Warmke, “Moral Grandstanding: There's a Lot of It about, All of It Bad”. Aeon , 10 maio 2017.

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39. Ibid.

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40. Joshua B. Grubbs et al., “Moral Grandstanding in Public Discourse: Status-Seeking Motives as a Potential Explanatory Mechanism in Predicting Conflict”. PLOS One , v. 14, n. 10, 2019.

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41. Jillian J. Jordan e Nour S. Kteily, “Reputation Fuels Moralistic Punishment That People Judge To Be Questionably Merited”. Relatório de pesquisa, 2020. Ver também Jillian J. Jordan e D. G. Rand, “Signaling When No One Is Watching: A Reputation Heuristics Account of Outrage and Punishment in One-Shot Anonymous Interactions” (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , v. 118, n. 1, 2020).

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42. Há um relato abrangente do incidente em Sarah Maslin Nir, “How Two Lives Collided in Central Park, Rattling the Nation” (The New York Times , 14 jun. 2020).

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43. Id., “The Bird Watcher, That Incident and His Feelings on the Woman's Fate”. The New York Times , 27 maio 2020.

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44. Um dos muitos reflexos da mudança nos hábitos estimulada pelas mídias sociais, que melhor captam as ambivalências do momento: Kat Rosenfield, “Karens All the Way Down” (Arc Digital , 26 maio 2020).

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45. Jieun Shin et al., “Political Rumoring on Twitter during the 2012 US Presidential Election: Rumor Diffusion and Correction”. New Media & Society , v. 19, n. 8, 2017.