12. Infodemia

23. Daisuke Wakabayashi, “YouTube Bans Comments on Videos of Young Children in Bid to Block Predators”. The New York Times , 28 fev. 2019.

[ «« ]

24. Rebecca Kern, “Senate Bill Targets YouTube's Kids Content amid Probe Report”. Bloomberg, 20 jun. 2019.

[ «« ]

25. De Richard Blumenthal e Marsha Blackburn para Susan Wojcicki, 6 jun. 2019. Disponível em:

<www.blumenthal.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2019.06.03%20-%20YouTube%20-%20Child%20Abuse.pdf>.

[ «« ]

26. “Protecting Innocence in a Digital World”. Audiência da Comissão Judiciária do Senado, 9 jul. 2019.

[ «« ]

 

12. Infodemia

1. Matt Richtel, “W. H. O. Fights a Pandemic Besides Coronavirus: An ‘Infodemic'”. The New York Times , 6 fev. 2020.

[ «« ]

2. Devex Partnerships, “Q&A: Solidifying Social Media Platforms' Role in Global Health”. Devex.com, 29 nov. 2021.

[ «« ]

3. Catherine Cheney, “How WHO Is Engaging Big Tech to Fight Covid-19”. Devex.com, 14 ago. 2020.

[ «« ]

4. Christina Farr e Salvador Rodriguez, “Facebook, Amazon, Google and More Met with WHO to Figure Out How to Stop Coronavirus Misinformation”. CNBC , 14 fev. 2020.

[ «« ]

5. Christina Capatides, “Coronavirus Cannot be Cured by Drinking Bleach or Snorting Cocaine, despite Social Media Rumors”. CBS News, 9 mar. 2020.

[ «« ]

6. Brandy Zadrozny, “Coronavirus Conspiracy Video Spreads on Instagram among Black Celebrities”. NBC News, 13 mar. 2020.

[ «« ]

7. Tuíte de Brody Logan (@BrodyLogan), 16 mar. 2020. Disponível em: <twitter.com/BrodyLogan/status/1239406460188020736>.

[ «« ]

8. Max Fisher, “Why Coronavirus Conspiracy Theories Flourish. And Why It Matters”. The New York Times , 8 abr. 2020.

[ «« ]

9. Kevin Roose, “Eight: ‘We Go All'”. The New York Times , 4 jun. 2020.

[ «« ]

10. Daniel Frankel, “YouTube Controls 16% of Pandemic Traffic Globally: Sandvine”. Next TV , 7 maio 2020.

[ «« ]

11. Em abril de 2020, o grupo de defesa de direitos humanos Avaaz identificou cem postagens de conspirações com covid no Facebook com 1,7 milhão de compartilhamentos somados. “How Facebook Can Flatten the Curve of the Coronavirus Infodemic”. Avaaz, 15 abr. 2020.

[ «« ]

12. A postagem teve 18 mil compartilhamentos. Daniel Funke, “Fact-Check ing a Facebook Conspiracy about Bill Gates, dr. Fauci and Covid-19”. PolitiFact, 14 abr. 2020.

[ «« ]

13. A postagem teve 90 mil compartilhamentos e 350 mil curtidas. Tuíte de @krisssnicolee, 7 mar. 2020. Disponível em:

<twitter.com/krisssnicolee/status/1236309595544584192>.

[ «« ]

14. O vídeo deles teve 4,3 milhões de visualizações. Barbara Feder Ostrov, “Cue the Debunking: Two Bakersfield Doctors Go Viral with Dubious COVID Test Conclusions”. Cal Matters, 27 abr. 2020.

[ «« ]

15. “How Has Covid-19 Affected the Anti-Vaccination Movement? A Social Media Analysis”. Commetric, 2 jun. 2020.

[ «« ]

16. Neil Johnson et al., “The Online Competition between Pro-and Anti-Vaccination Views”. Nature , v. 582, n. 7811, maio 2020.

[ «« ]

17. Elizabeth Dwoskin, Tory Newmyer e Shibani Mahtani, “The Case against Mark Zuckerberg: Insiders Say Facebook's CEO Chose Growth over Safety”, op. cit.

[ «« ]

18. Ibid.

[ «« ]

19. Billy Perrigo e Vera Bergengruen, “Facebook Employees Found a Simple Way to Tackle Misinformation. They ‘Deprioritized' It After Meeting with Mark Zuckerberg, Documents Show”. Time , 10 nov. 2021.

[ «« ]

20. Renée DiResta e Isabella Garcia-Camargo, “Virality Project (US ): Marketing Meets Misinformation”. Stanford Internet Observatory, 26 maio 2020.

[ «« ]

21. Ibid.

[ «« ]

22. Sheera Frenkel, Ben Decker e Davey Alba, “How the ‘Plandemic' Movie and Its Falsehoods Spread Widely Online”. The New York Times , 20 maio 2020.

[ «« ]

23. Catherine Cheney, “How WHO Is Engaging Big Tech to Fight Covid-19”, op. cit.

[ «« ]

24. Kathleen Jamieson e Dolores Albarracin, “The Relation between Media Consumption and Misinformation at the Outset of the SARS -CoV-2 Pandemic in the US ”. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review , v. 1, n. 2, 2020.

[ «« ]

25. Adam Satariano, “Coronavirus Doctors Battle Another Scourge: Misinformation”. The New York Times , 17 ago. 2020.

[ «« ]

26. Tuíte de Rachel McKibbens (@rachelmckibbens), 15 nov. 2021. Disponível em:

<twitter.com/RachelMcKibbens/status/1460268133302738947>.

[ «« ]

27. Arijeta Lajka, “No, Covid-19 Vaccines Do Not ‘Shed'”. Associated Press, 29 abr. 2021.

[ «« ]

28. Tuíte de Rachel McKibbens (@rachelmckibbens), 11 nov. 2021. Disponível em:

<twitter.com/RachelMcKibbens/status/1458881015917678594>.

[ «« ]

29. Denúncia criminal, Estados Unidos da América v. Ivan Harrison Hunter , Processo 20-mj-758-hb, 27 maio 2020.

[ «« ]

30. Gisela Pérez de Acha, Kathryn Hurd e Ellie Lightfoot, “I Felt Hate More than Anything: How an Active Duty Airman Tried to Start a Civil War”. Frontline e ProPublica, 13 abr. 2021.

[ «« ]

31. Alex Goldenberg e Joel Finkelstein, “Cyber Swarming, Memetic Warfare and Viral Insurgency”. Network Contagion Research Institute, fev. 2020.

[ «« ]

32. Tech Transparency Project, 22 abr. 2020.

[ «« ]

33. Denúncia criminal, Estados Unidos da América v. Timothy John Watson , Processo 3:20-mj-000127-RWT , 30 out. 2020.

[ «« ]

34. Denúncia criminal, Estados Unidos da América v. Jessie Alexander Rush, Robert Jesus Blancas, Simon Sage Ybarra e Kenny Matthew Miksch , Processo CR -21-0121-JD , 23 mar. 2021.

[ «« ]

35. Brandy Zadrozny, “Facebook Removes Some Events Calling for Protests of Stay-at-Home Orders”. NBC News, 20 abr. 2020.

[ «« ]

36. Ver, por exemplo, “Extremists Are Using Facebook to Organize for Civil War amid Coronavirus” (Tech Transparency Project Report, 22 abr. 2020).

[ «« ]

37. Deepa Seetharaman, “QAnon Booms on Facebook as Conspiracy Group Gains Mainstream Traction”. The Wall Street Journal , 13 ago. 2020.

[ «« ]

38. Tuíte de Nina Jankowicz (@wiczipedia), 27 maio 2020. Disponível em: <twitter.com/wiczipedia/status/1265629272988954625>.

[ «« ]

39. Aatif Sulleyman, “Facebook Bans One of the Anti-Vaccine Movement's Biggest Groups for Violating QAnon Rules”. Newsweek , 18 nov. 2020.

[ «« ]

40. Cecilia Kang e Sheera Frenkel, “‘PizzaGate' Conspiracy Theory Thrives Anew in the TikTok Era”. The New York Times , 27 jun. 2020.

[ «« ]

41. Alex Kaplan, “Here Are the QAnon Supporters Running for Congress in 2020”. Media Matters, 7 jan. 2020 (atualizado até 27 jul. 2021).

[ «« ]

42. Denúncia criminal, Estados Unidos v. Ivan Harrison Hunter , Processo 20-mj-758-hb, 27 maio 2020.

[ «« ]

43. Os detalhes das ações de Carrillo e Justus correspondem ao que é descrito nos processos penais. Ver, por exemplo, Andrew Blankstein e Ben Collins, “Alleged ‘Boogaloo' Extremist Charged in Killing of Federal Officer during George Floyd Protest” (NBC News, 16 jun. 2020).

[ «« ]

44. Gisela Pérez de Acha, Kathryn Hurd e Ellie Lightfoot, “I Felt Hate More than Anything: How an Active Duty Airman Tried to Start a Civil War”, op. cit.

[ «« ]

45. Tuíte de Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump), 29 maio 2020. Deletado posteriormente.

[ «« ]

46. David Ingram, “Zuckerberg Says He's ‘Struggling' with Trump's Latest Posts but Leaving Them Up”. NBC News, 29 maio 2020.

[ «« ]

47. Jelani Cobb, “Show Me State of Mind”. This American Life , v. 671, 29 mar. 2019.

[ «« ]

48. Tuíte de Andy Mannix (@andrewmannix), 29 maio 2020. Disponível em: <twitter.com/AndrewMannix/status/1266253783408930816>. Como se quisesse sublinhar que seus antagonistas talvez houvessem pego o homem errado, Mannix posteriormente dividiu um prêmio Pulitzer pela apuração do Minneapolis Star Tribune sobre abusos da polícia que ajudaram a inspirar as manifestações.

[ «« ]

49. Tuíte de Max Blumenthal (@MaxBlumenthal), 30 maio 2020. Deletado posteriormente.

[ «« ]

50. Aaron Katersky, “Facebook Promoted Extremism Leading to Federal Officer Dave Patrick Underwood's Murder: Lawsuit”. ABC News, 6 jan. 2020.

[ «« ]

51. Tuíte de Lauren Tan (@sugarpirate_), 1 jun. 2020. Disponível em: <twitter.com/sugarpirate_/status/1266470996162146304>.

[ «« ]

52. “How Facebook Is Undermining ‘Black Lives Matters'”. The Daily, podcast do The New York Times , 22 jun. 2020.

[ «« ]

53. Ver, por exemplo, Elizabeth Dwoskin, Craig Timberg e Tony Romm, “Zuckerberg Once Wanted to Sanction Trump”, op. cit.

[ «« ]

54. Judd Legum, “Facebook's Tipping Point”. Popular Information, 27 jun. 2020.

[ «« ]

55. “Banning a Violent Network in the US ”. Facebook Newsroom, 30 jun. 2020. Disponível em: <about.fb.com>.

[ «« ]

56. Julia Alexander, “YouTube Bans Stefan Molyneux, David Duke, Richard Spencer, and More for Hate Speech”. The Verge, 29 jun. 2020.

[ «« ]

57. Bobby Allyn, “Reddit Bans The_Donald, Forum of Nearly 800,000 Trump Fans, over Abusive Posts”. NPR , 29 jun. 2020.

[ «« ]

58. Ryan Mac e Craig Silverman, “‘Facebook Is Hurting People at Scale'”. BuzzFeed News, 23 jul. 2020.

[ «« ]

59. Mike Isaac e Tiffany Hsu, “Facebook Fails to Appease Organizers of Ad Boycott”. The New York Times , 7 jul. 2018. Charlie Warzel, “When a Critic Met Facebook: ‘What They're Doing Is Gaslighting'”. The New York Times , 9 jul. 2020.

[ «« ]

60. Laura W. Murphy e escritório de advocacia Relman Colfax. “Facebook's Civil Rights Audit — Final Report”. About.fb.com, 8 jul. 2020.

[ «« ]

61. Ibid.

[ «« ]

62. Dados de Crowdtangle.com.

[ «« ]

63. Avery Hartmans, “Nancy Pelosi Wonders How Top Facebook Employees Can ‘Look Themselves in the Mirror' Because They ‘Make Money Off Poison'”. Business Insider, 21 set. 2020.

[ «« ]

64. “New Steps to Protect the US Elections”. Facebook Newsroom, 3 set. 2020. Disponível em: <about.fb.com>.

[ «« ]

65. Tuíte de @instagramcommes, 29 out. 2020. Disponível em: <mobile.twitter.com/InstagramComms/status/1321957713476280320>.

[ «« ]

66. Elizabeth Dwoskin e Craig Timberg, “With Election Day Looming, Twitter Imposes New Limits on U. S. Politicians — and Ordinary Users, Too”. The Washington Post , 9 out. 2020.

[ «« ]

67. Vijaya Gadde e Kayvon Beykpour, “Additional Steps We're Taking Ahead of the 2020 US Election”. Blog corporativo do Twitter, 9 out. 2020.

[ «« ]

68. Sheera Frenkel, “Facebook Amps Up Its Crackdown on QAnon”. The New York Times , 6 out. 2020. Kate Conger, “Twitter, in Widening Crackdown, Removes over 70,000 QAnon Accounts”. The New York Times , 11 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

69. Jennifer Elias, “YouTube Tightens Rules on Conspiracy Videos, but Stops Short of Banning QAnon”. CNBC , 15 out. 2020.

[ «« ]

70. “Social Media in 2020: Incitement”. Relatório da Counteraction, 25 nov. 2020.

[ «« ]

71. Em Steck e Andrew Kaczynski, “Marjorie Taylor Greene Indicated Support for Executing Prominent Democrats in 2018 and 2019 Before Running for Congress”. CNN , 26 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

72. Sheera Frenkel, “The Rise and Fall of the ‘Stop the Steal' Facebook Group”. The New York Times , 5 nov. 2020.

[ «« ]

73. “Richard Barnett, Arkansas Man Pictured Sitting at Nancy Pelosi's Desk, Arrested”. Associated Press, 8 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

74. “Save Our Children Raises over $1,000 for Nonprofit”. Westside Eagle Observer , 28 out. 2020.

[ «« ]

75. “Capitol Attack Was Months in the Making on Facebook”. Tech Transparency Project Report, 19 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

76. Dados de Crowdtangle.com.

[ «« ]

77. Clara Hendrickson, “No Evidence Ballots Were Smuggled into Detroit Counting Hub”. Detroit Free Press , 5 nov. 2020.

[ «« ]

78. John Keilman, “Critics Call Gary Franchi's YouTube Channel, the Next News Network, a Hive of Conspiracy Theories. So How Has It Survived the Platform's Conspiracy Crackdown?”. Chicago Tribune , 31 out. 2020.

[ «« ]

79. Tuíte de @j_epp_, 4 nov. 2020. Deletado posteriormente.

[ «« ]

80. Tuíte de @breaking911, 5 nov. 2020. Deletado posteriormente.

[ «« ]

81. Ryan Mac e Sheera Frenkel, “Internal Alarm, Public Shrugs: Facebook's Employees Dissect Its Election Role”. The New York Times , 22 out. 2021.

[ «« ]

82. Tuíte de Guillaume Chaslot (@gchaslot), 3 dez. 2020. Disponível em: <twitter.com/gchaslot/status/1334615047197380610>.

[ «« ]

83. “Election Fraud Narrative”. Transparency.tube Report, 17 nov. 2020.

[ «« ]

84. “YouTube Still Awash in False Voter Fraud Claims”. Tech Transparency Report, 22 dez. 2020.

[ «« ]

85. Jordan Green, “Trump's Far-Right Supporters Promise Violence at Today's DC Protests”. Raw Story, 6 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

86. Laurel Wamsley, “On Far-Right Websites, Plans to Storm Capitol Were Made in Plain Sight”. NPR , 7 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

87. Jordan Green, “Trump's Far-Right Supporters Promise Violence at Today's DC Protests”, op. cit.

[ «« ]

88. Swaine, abr. 2021.

[ «« ]

89. “Richard Barnett Benton County Republican Rally”. KNWA Fox 24, 6 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

90. Robert Evans, “How the Insurgent and MAGA Right Are Being Welded Together on the Streets of Washington D.C.”. Bellingcat.com, 5 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

91. Ibid.

[ «« ]

92. naterich_stl, “What Does ‘Pedes' Mean?”. Reddit, 16 mar. 2019.

[ «« ]

93. Robert Evans, “How the Insurgent and MAGA Right Are Being Welded Together on the Streets of Washington D.C.”, op. cit.

[ «« ]

94. Luke Broadwater, “Capitol Police Told to Hold Back on Riot Response on Jan. 6, Report Finds”. The New York Times , 13 abr. 2021.

[ «« ]

95. “West Virginia Lawmaker Records Himself Storming the U. S. Capitol: ‘We're in!'”. Associated Press, 7 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

96. Denúncia criminal, Estados Unidos da América v. Derrick Evans , Processo 1:21-cr-337, 8 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

97. Denúncia criminal, Estados Unidos da América v. Jenny Cudd , Processo 1:21-cr-00068-TNM , 13 out. 2021.

[ «« ]

98. Denúncia criminal, Estados Unidos da América v. Thomas Edward Caldwell, Donovan Ray Crowl e Jessica Marie Watkins , Processo 1:21-mj-00119, 19 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

99. Denúncia criminal, Estados Unidos da América v. Peter Francis Stager , Processo 1:21-mj-00057, 14 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

100. Denúncia criminal, Estados Unidos da América v. Dominic Pezzola , Processo 1:21-mj-00047, 13 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

101. Tess Owen e Mack Lamoureux, “The Proud Boy Who Smashed a US Capitol Window Is a Former Marine”. Vice News, 15 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

102. Connor Sheets, “The Radicalization of Kevin Greeson”. ProPublica e Birmingham News , 15 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

103. Nicholas Bogel-Burroughs e Evan Hill, “Death of QAnon Follower at Capitol Leaves a Wake of Pain”. The New York Times , 30 maio 2021.

[ «« ]

104. Samuel Benson, “The Story of the Man Who Filmed Ashli Babbitt's Death”. Deseret News , 11 ago. 2021.

[ «« ]

105. Robert Mackey, “John Sullivan, Who Filmed Shooting of Ashli Babbitt in Capitol, Detained on Federal Charges”. The Intercept , 14 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

106. Elizabeth Culliford, Katie Paul e Joseph Menn, “Twitter, Facebook Freeze Trump Accounts as Tech Giants Respond to Storming of U. S. Capitol”. Reuters, 6 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

107. Ryan Mac, “Facebook Forced Its Employees to Stop Discussing Trump's Coup Attempt”. BuzzFeed News, 6 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

108. “Alphabet Workers Union Statement on Yesterday's Insurrection”. Alphabet Workers Union, 7 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

109. Tuíte de Chris Sacca (@sacca), 6 jan. 2021. Disponível em: <twitter.com/sacca/status/1346921144859783169>.

[ «« ]

110. “Joe Biden”. Editorial Board, The New York Times , 17 jan. 2020.

[ «« ]

111. De Tom Malinowski e Anna G. Eshoo para Mark Zuckerberg, 21 jan. 2021. Disponível em:

<malinowski.house.gov/sites/malinowski.house.gov/files/Letter%20to%20 Facebook%20 – %20Malinowski_Eshoo_final_0.pdf>.

[ «« ]

112. De Tom Malinowski e Anna G. Eshoo para Sundar Pichai e Susan Wojcicki, 21 jan. 2021. Disponível em: