9. A toca de coelho

24. Phandeeyar et al., “Open Letter to Mark Zuckerberg”. 5 abr. 2018.

[ «« ]

25. Kevin Roose e Paul Mozur, “Zuckerberg Was Called Out Over Myanmar Violence. Here's His Apology”. The New York Times , 9 abr. 2018.

[ «« ]

26. “Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar”. Conselho de Direitos Humanos da ONU , 27 ago. 2018.

[ «« ]

27. Evan Osnos, “Can Mark Zuckerberg Fix Facebook Before It Breaks Democracy?”, op. cit.

[ «« ]

28. “Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2018 Results”. Comunicado à imprensa, Facebook Investor Relations, 30 jan. 2019.

[ «« ]

 

9. A toca de coelho

1. Max Fisher e Katrin Bennhold, “As Germans Seek News, YouTube Delivers Far-Right Tirades”. The New York Times , 7 set. 2018.

[ «« ]

2. Libby Hogan e Michael Safi, “Revealed: Facebook Hate Speech Exploded in Myanmar during Rohingya crisis”. The Guardian , 2 abr. 2018.

[ «« ]

3. Sam Schechner, Kirsten Grind e John West, “Searching for Video? Google Pushes YouTube Over Rivals”. The Wall Street Journal , 14 jul. 2020.

[ «« ]

4. Kaiser publicou suas conclusões posteriormente em Jonas Kaiser, “Public Spheres of Skepticism: Climate Skeptics' Online Comments in the German Networked Public Sphere”. International Journal of Communication , v. 11, 2017.

[ «« ]

5. Ver, por exemplo, Cade Metz, “Feeding Hate with Video: A Former Alt-Right YouTuber Explains His Methods” (The New York Times , 15 abr. 2021).

[ «« ]

6. Os pesquisadores publicaram seus resultados posteriormente em Adrian Rauchfleisch e Jonas Kaiser, “The German Far-Right on YouTube: An Analysis of User Overlap and User Comments” (Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media , v. 64, n. 3, 2020). A pesquisa saiu inicialmente em Adrian Rauchfleisch e Jonas Kaiser, “YouTubes Algorithmen sorgen dafür, dass AfD-Fans unter sich bleiben” (Vice Germany , 22 set. 2017).

[ «« ]

7. Adrian Rauchfleisch e Jonas Kaiser, “YouTubes Algorithmen sorgen dafür, dass AfD-Fans unter sich bleiben”, op. cit.

[ «« ]

8. Ashley Feinberg, “The Alt-Right Can't Disown Charlottesville”. Wired , 13 ago. 2017.

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9. Bill Morlin, “Summer of Hate Challenged in Companion Civil Lawsuits”. Southern Poverty Law Center, 19 out. 2017.

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10. “Our Extended Interview with Richard Spencer on White Nationalism”. Vice News, 10 dez. 2016.

[ «« ]

11. Ashley Feinberg, “The Alt-Right Can't Disown Charlottesville”, op. cit.

[ «« ]

12. Megan Squire, “Analysis of 2017 Unite the Right Event, One Year Later”. Megansquire.com, ago. 2018.

[ «« ]

13. Jonas Kaiser, “The Dark Side of the Networked Public Sphere”. Palestra no Berkman Klein Luncheon Series, na Universidade Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 23 jan. 2018.

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14. Cassie Miller, “McInnes, Molyneux, and 4chan: Investigating Pathways to the Alt-Right”. Southern Poverty Law Center, 19 abr. 2018.

[ «« ]

15. Ibid.

[ «« ]

16. Andrew Marantz, “Birth of a White Supremacist”. The New Yorker , 9 out. 2017.

[ «« ]

17. A citação do All the Right Stuff provém de Cassie Miller, “McInnes, Molyneux, and 4chan”, op. cit.

[ «« ]

18. Andrew Marantz, “Birth of a White Supremacist”, op. cit.

[ «« ]

19. Ver, por exemplo, Rebecca Lewis, “Alternative Influence: Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube” (Data & Society , set. 2018).

[ «« ]

20. Nellie Bowles, “Jordan Peterson, Custodian of the Patriarchy”. The New York Times , 18 maio 2018.

[ «« ]

21. Paris Martineau, “The Alt-Right Is Recruiting Depressed People”. The Outline, 26 fev. 2018.

[ «« ]

22. Michael Kimmel, Angry White Men: Masculinity at the End of an Era . Nova York: Bold Type, 2017, pp. 31-68.

[ «« ]

23. Tuíte de @SadMarshGhost, 23 fev. 2018. Disponível em: <twitter.com/SadMarshGhost/status/967029954016874497>.

[ «« ]

24. Joel Finkelstein, “On Jordan Peterson, the Alt-Right and Engagement across Difference”. Heterodox Academy, 18 nov. 2019.

[ «« ]

25. J. M. Berger, A Comparative Study of White Nationalist and ISIS Online Social Media Networks , op. cit., pp. 62-89.

[ «« ]

26. Ibid., p. 96.

[ «« ]

27. Josh Glasstetter, “Elliot Rodger, Isla Vista Shooting Suspect, Posted Misogynistic Video Before Attack”. Southern Poverty Law Center, 24 maio 2014.

[ «« ]

28. Keegan Hankes e Alex Amend, “The Alt-Right Is Killing People”. Southern Poverty Law Center, 5 fev. 2018. Ver também Kostantinos Papadamou et al., “Understanding the Incel Community on YouTube” (Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction , out. 2021).

[ «« ]

29. Manoel Horta Ribeiro et al., “The Evolution of the Manosphere across the Web”. Proceedings of the Fifteenth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media , 2021.

[ «« ]

30. Louis Beckett, “The Misogynist Incel Movement Is Spreading”. The Guardian , 3 mar. 2021.

[ «« ]

31. Jennifer Mascia, “In the Years Since the Isla Vista Shooting, the Incel Subculture Continues to Inspire Gunmen”. The Trace, 23 maio 2019.

[ «« ]

32. Ali Breland, “How Do People Join Militias? A Leaked Oath Keepers Roster Has Answers”. Mother Jones , 27 out. 2021.

[ «« ]

33. Kevin Roose, “The Making of a YouTube Radical”. The New York Times , 9 jun. 2019.

[ «« ]

34. Tuíte de Chris Sacca (@sacca), 12 jan. 2021. Disponível em: <twitter.com /sacca/status/1349055880348663808>.

[ «« ]

35. Kelly Weill, “How YouTube Built a Radicalization Machine for the Far-Right”. The Daily Beast, 19 dez. 2018.

[ «« ]

36. Robert Evans, “From Memes to Infowars: How 75 Fascist Activists Were ‘Red-Pilled'”. Bellingcat.com, 11 out. 2018.

[ «« ]

37. Meghan Daum, “My Affair with the Intellectual Dark Web”. Medium.com, 24 ago. 2018.

[ «« ]

38. Em entrevistas durante 2019 e 2020, Kaiser e Rauchfleisch me forneceram vários relatórios de pesquisa que detalham seus métodos e conclusões, assim como boa parte dos dados brutos subjacentes. Posteriormente esse material se tornou a base para diversos artigos e capítulos de livros com a devida revisão por pares, alguns ainda não publicados. Ver, por exemplo, Jonas Kaiser e Adrian Rauchfleisch, “Birds of a Feather Get Recommended Together: Algorithmic Homophily in YouTube's Channel Recommendations in the United States and Germany” (Social Media + Society , v. 6, n. 4, out. 2020).

[ «« ]

39. Craig Silverman, “How YouTube's Channel Recommendations Push Users to the Fringe”. BuzzFeed News, 12 abr. 2018.

[ «« ]

40. Jonas Kaiser e Adrian Rauchfleisch, “Unite the Right? How YouTube's Recommendation Algorithm Connects the U.S. Far-Right”. Data & Society , 11 abr. 2018.

[ «« ]

41. Manoel Horta Ribeiro et al., “Auditing Radicalization Pathways on YouTube”. Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency , jan. 2020.

[ «« ]

42. Jonathan Albright, “Untrue-Tube: Monetizing Misery and Disinformation”. Medium.com, 25 fev. 2018.

[ «« ]

43. Mark Bergen, “YouTube Executives Ignored Warnings, Letting Toxic Videos Run Rampant”. Bloomberg, 2 abr. 2019.

[ «« ]

44. Leonard Pozner e Veronique De La Rosa, “An Open Letter to Mark Zuckerberg”. The Guardian , 25 jul. 2018.

[ «« ]

45. Oliver Darcy, “Facebook Touts Fight on Fake News, but Struggles to Explain Why InfoWars Isn't Banned”. CNN , 11 jul. 2018.

[ «« ]

46. Kara Swisher, “Zuckerberg: The Recode Interview”. Recode, 8 out. 2018.

[ «« ]

47. Tuíte de Jack Dorsey (@jack), 7 ago. 2018. Disponível em: <twitter.com/jack/status/1026984245925793792>.

[ «« ]

48. Evan Osnos, “Can Mark Zuckerberg Fix Facebook Before It Breaks Democracy?”, op. cit.

[ «« ]

49. Tuíte de Jack Dorsey (@jack), 1 mar. 2018. Disponível em: <twitter.com/jack /status/969234275420655616>.

[ «« ]

50. Deepa Seetharaman, “Jack Dorsey's Push to Clean Up Twitter Stalls, Researchers Say”. The Wall Street Journal , 15 mar. 2020.

[ «« ]

51. Landrum publicou suas conclusões em Asheley Landrum, Alex Olshansky e Othello Richards, “Differential Susceptibility to Misleading Flat Earth Arguments on YouTube”. Media Psychology , v. 24, n. 1, 2021.

[ «« ]

52. É o que cientistas sociais chamam de “efeito ilusório da verdade”. Ver, por exemplo, Lisa K. Fazio et al., “Knowledge Does Not Protect against Illusory Truth Effect” (Journal of Experimental Psychology , v. 144, n. 5, out. 2015).

[ «« ]

53. É o efeito do “senso comum”, comentado no capítulo 1. Ver Eric Arias, “How Does Media Influence Social Norms?”, op. cit.; e Michael Suk-Young Chwe, Rational Ritual , op. cit.

[ «« ]

54. Kathleen M. Blee, Understanding Racist Activism: Theory, Methods, and Research . Nova York: Routledge, 2017, p. 70.

[ «« ]

55. Dos estudos que determinaram um vínculo entre o sentimento de impotência e a crença em conspirações: Marina Abalakina-Paap, “Beliefs in Conspiracies” (Political Psychology , v. 20, n. 3, 1999).

[ «« ]

56. William Turton e William Brustein, “QAnon High Priest Was Just Trolling Away as Citigroup Tech Executive”. Bloomberg, 7 out. 2020.

[ «« ]

57. Entre os estudos segundo os quais a crença em conspirações costuma servir como caminho para reafirmar sentimentos de autonomia e controle que se perderam: Martin Bruder et al., “Measuring Individual Differences in Generic Beliefs in Conspiracy Theories across Cultures: Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire” (Frontiers in Psychology , v. 4, 2013).

[ «« ]

58. Esse processo será mais discutido em capítulo posterior. Ver, entre muitos outros, Adrienne LaFrance, “The Prophecies of Q” (The Atlantic , jun. 2020); Deepa Seetharaman, “QAnon Booms on Facebook as Conspiracy Group Gains Mainstream Traction” (The Wall Street Journal , 13 ago. 2020); Kevin Roose et al., “Seven: ‘Where We Go One'” (The New York Times , 28 maio 2020).

[ «« ]

59. Ben Collins e Brandy Zadrozny, “Apple, Google Cashed in on Pizzagate-Offshoot Conspiracy App”. NBC News, 16 jul. 2018.

[ «« ]

60. Kaitlyn Tiffany, “How a Conspiracy Theory about Democrats Drinking Children's Blood Topped Amazon's Best-Sellers List”. Vox, 6 mar. 2019.

[ «« ]

61. Ali Breland, “QAnon Is Attracting Cops”. Mother Jones , 28 set. 2020.

[ «« ]

62. Cecile Guerin, “The Yoga World Is Riddled with Anti-Vaxxers and QAnon Believers”. Wired UK , 28 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

63. Tuíte de @_qpatriot1776_, 28 jun. 2020, que foi derrubado pelo Twitter. Cópia disponível no tuíte de Travis View (@travis_view), 29 jun. 2020. Disponível em: <twitter.com/travis_view/status/1277634756927033345>.

[ «« ]

64. Ibid.

[ «« ]

65. Brandy Zadrozny, “‘Carol's Journey': What Facebook Knew about How It Radicalized Users”. NBC News, 22 out. 2021.

[ «« ]

66. Ibid.

[ «« ]

67. Tuíte de Renée DiResta (@noUpside), 18 fev. 2018. Disponível em: <twitter.com/noupside/status/965340235251920896>.

[ «« ]

68. Jeff Horwitz, “Facebook Knew Calls for Violence Plagued ‘Groups,' Now Plans Overhaul”. The Wall Street Journal , 31 jan. 2021.

[ «« ]

69. Casey Newton, “Mark in the Middle”. The Verge, 23 set. 2020.

[ «« ]

70. Postagem no Facebook de Dominic Fox, 8 ago. 2019. Disponível em: <www.facebook.com/reynardine/posts/10156003037586991>.

[ «« ]

71. “Facebook: New Zealand Attack Video Viewed 4,000 Times”. BBC News, 19 mar. 2019.

[ «« ]