6. A casa de espelhos

48. Sarah Jeong, “How to Make a Bot That Isn't Racist”. Motherboard, 25 mar. 2016.

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49. John Doerr, Measure What Matters , op. cit., p. 169.

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50. Ibid.

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51. Ibid.

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6. A casa de espelhos

1. Karen Douglas, Robbie M. Sutton e Aleksandra Cichocka, “The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories”. Current Directions in Psychological Science , v. 26, n. 6, dez. 2017.

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2. Há uma cronologia da ascensão do Pizzagate, passo a passo e com referências de cada postagem, em Amanda Robb, “Anatomy of a Fake News Scandal” (Rolling Stone , 16 nov. 2017); e Craig Silverman, “How the Bizarre Conspiracy Theory Behind ‘Pizzagate' Was Spread” (BuzzFeed News, 5 dez. 2016).

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3. Tom Jenson, “Trump Remains Unpopular; Voters Prefer Obama on SCOTUS Pick”. Public Policy Polling, 9 dez. 2016.

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4. Pesquisa The Economist /YouGov, 20 dez. 2016.

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5. Mark Bergen, “YouTube Executives Ignored Warnings, Letting Toxic Videos Run Rampant”. Bloomberg, 2 abr. 2019.

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6. Todas as citações desse parágrafo vêm de Steven Levy, Facebook , op. cit., pp. 360-1.

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7. Mike Isaac, “Facebook, in Cross Hairs After Election, Is Said to Question Its Influence”. The New York Times , 12 nov. 2016.

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8. Jeff Horwitz e Deepa Seetharaman, “Facebook Executives Shut Down Efforts to Make the Site Less Divisive”, op. cit.

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9. Elizabeth Dwoskin, Craig Timberg e Tony Romm, “Zuckerberg Once Wanted to Sanction Trump. Then Facebook Wrote Rules That Accommodated Him”. The Washington Post , 28 jun. 2020.

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10. Casey Newton, “Zuckerberg: The Idea That Fake News on Facebook Influenced the Election Is ‘Crazy'”. The Verge, 10 nov. 2016.

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11. Zoe Corbyn, “Facebook Experiment Boosts US Voter Turnout”. Nature , 2 set. 2012.

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12. Mark Zuckerberg, “I want to share some thoughts on Facebook and the election”. Facebook.com, 12 nov. 2016.

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13. Charlie Warzel, “Twitter Board Member: Twitter Helped Trump Win The Election”. BuzzFeed News, 30 nov. 2016.

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14. Tim O'Reilly, “Media in the Age of Algorithms”. Oreilly.com, 16 nov. 2016.

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15. Guillaume Chaslot, “YouTube's A. I. Was Divisive in the US Presidential Election”. Medium.com, 27 nov. 2016.

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16. O ataque de Welch e a reação do YouTube são detalhados em Andy Kroll, “John Podesta Is Ready to Talk About Pizzagate” (Rolling Stone , 9 dez. 2018).

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17. A metodologia e os resultados detalhados nessas páginas foram publicados inicialmente em William J. Brady, Julian A. Wills, John T. Jost, Joshua A. Tucker e Jay J. van Bavel, “Emotion Shapes the Diffusion of Moralized Content in Social Networks” (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , v. 114, n. 28, 11 jul. 2017).

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18. Emma Roth, “Twitter's Research Shows That Its Algorithm Favors Conservative Views”. The Verge, 22 out. 2021.

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19. Steve Rathje, Jay J. van Bavel e Sander van der Linden, “Out-Group Animosity Drives Engagement on Social Media”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , v. 118, n. 26, 29 jun. 2021.

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20. Rumman Chowdhury e Luca Belli, “Examining Algorithmic Amplification of Political Content on Twitter”. Blog corporativo do Twitter, 21 out. 2021.

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21. O Twitter informou 328 milhões de usuários ativos por mês no primeiro trimestre de 2017. O Facebook informou 1,94 bilhão. O YouTube não costuma liberar dados de comparação, mas em certos momentos afirmou ter mais de 2 bilhões de usuários ativos mensais. Fontes: Trefis Team, “Twitter's Surprising User Growth Bodes Well For 2017” (Forbes , 27 abr. 2017); Josh Constine, “Facebook Beats in Q1 with $8.03B Revenue, Faster Growth to 1.94B Users” (TechCrunch, 3 maio 2017).

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22. O valor de mercado do Twitter em abril de 2017 era de 10,68 bilhões de dólares e o do Facebook era de 417 bilhões. Em comparação, o do Google foi de 594 bilhões. Todos os números estão disponíveis em macrotrends.net.

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23. Alisyn Camerota, “Why I'm Breaking Up with Twitter”. CNN , 12 jul. 2017.

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24. Alex Sherman, “Elliott Management's Paul Singer Seeks to Replace Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey, Source Says”. CNBC , 28 fev. 2020.

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25. Austin Carr e Harry McCracken, “‘Did We Create This Monster?' How Twitter Turned Toxic”. Fast Company , 4 abr. 2018.

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26. Tuíte de Jack Dorsey (@jack), 8 dez. 2018. Disponível em: <twitter.com/jack/status/ 1071575088695140353>.

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27. Kate Rooney, “Jack Dorsey's Planned Move to Africa Divides Square and Twitter Investors”. CNBC , 2 dez. 2019.

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28. O papel de Kaplan já foi divulgado de modo exaustivo e independente, por exemplo em Elizabeth Dwoskin, Craig Timberg e Tony Romm, “Zuckerberg Once Wanted to Sanction Trump”, op. cit.; Jeff Horwitz e Deepa Seetharaman, “Facebook Executives Shut Down Efforts to Make the Site Less Divisive”, op. cit.; Nicholas Thompson e Fred Vogelstein, “15 Months of Fresh Hell inside Facebook” (Wired , 16 abr. 2018); e Sheera Frenkel, Nicholas Confessore, Cecilia Kang, Matthew Rosenberg e Jack Nicas, “Delay, Deny, and Deflect: How Facebook's Leaders Fought Through Crisis” (The New York Times , 14 nov. 2018).

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29. Kurt Wagner e Kara Swisher, “Read Mark Zuckerberg's Full 6,000-Word Letter on Facebook's Global Ambitions”. ReCode, 16 fev. 2017.

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30. Lauren Jackson, “Jack Dorsey on Twitter's Mistakes”, op. cit.

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31. Kevin Roose, “The Making of a YouTube Radical”. The New York Times , 8 jun. 2019.

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32. Steven Levy, “Inside Facebook's AI Machine”, op. cit.

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33. Ibid.

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34. Thomas F. Pettigrew e Linda R. Tropp, “A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , v. 90, n. 5, jun. 2006.

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35. Christopher A. Bail et al., “Exposure to Opposing Views on Social Media Can Increase Political Polarization”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , v. 115, n. 37, 11 set. 2018.

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36. É o que cientistas sociais chamam de “efeito de homogeneidade de exogrupo”. Ver, por exemplo, Thomas M. Ostrom e Constantine Sedikides, “Out-Group Homogeneity Effects in Natural and Minimal Groups” (Psychological Bulletin , v. 112, n. 3, 1992).

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37. Há um relato abrangente da falsa polarização em Victoria Parker, “The Great and Widening Divide: Political False Polarization and Its Consequences”. Dissertação (Mestrado em Artes), Universidade Wilfrid Laurier, 2018.

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38. Id., “On Trolls and Polls: How Social Media Extremists and Dissenters Exacerbate and Mitigate Political False Polarization”. Apresentação na Universidade Wilfrid Laurier, 2019.

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39. David Asker e Elias Dinas, “Thinking Fast and Furious: Emotional Intensity and Opinion Polarization in Online Media”. Public Opinion Quarterly , v. 83, n. 3, outono 2019.

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40. Michela Del Vicario et al., “The Spreading of Misinformation Online”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , v. 113, n. 3, 19 jan. 2016.

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41. Zeynep Tufekci, “How Social Media Took Us from Tahrir Square to Donald Trump”. MIT Technology Review , 14 ago. 2018.

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42. David Greene, “Interview with Siva Vaidhyanathan”. National Public Radio, Morning Edition , 26 dez. 2017.

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43. “Screaming into the Void: How Outrage Is Hijacking Our Culture, and Our Minds”. National Public Radio, Hidden Brain , 7 out. 2019.

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44. Ibid.

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45. Molly J. Crockett, “Moral Outrage in the Digital Age”. Nature Human Behaviour , v. 1, 2017.

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46. Elaine Godfrey, “Mark Warner to Facebook: Tell Me What You Know”. The Atlantic , 28 set. 2017.

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47. “The Facebook Dilemma”, op. cit.

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48. Ibid.

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49. Renée DiResta, “It's Not Misinformation. It's Amplified Propaganda”. The Atlantic , out. 2021.

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50. William Powers, “Who's Influencing Election 2016?”. Medium.com, 23 fev. 2016.

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51. Há um relato sobre a história de Mackey, que inclui detalhes do processo federal contra ele, em Luke O'Brien, “Trump's Most Influential White Nationalist Troll Is a Middlebury Grad Who Lives in Manhattan” (HuffPost, 5 abr. 2018); e id., “FBI Arrests Prolific Racist Twitter Troll ‘Ricky Vaughn' for 2016 Election Interference” (HuffPost, 27 jan. 2021).

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52. Kevin Roose, “Debunking 5 Viral Images of the Migrant Caravan”. The New York Times , 24 out. 2018.

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53. Gordon Pennycook et al., “Shifting Attention to Accuracy Can Reduce Misinformation Online”. Nature , v. 592, n. 7855, 2021.

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54. Ibid.

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55. Guillaume Chaslot et al., “Does YouTube's Algorithm Promote Populist Candidates in the French Presidential Elections?”. Mediashift.org, 21 abr. 2017.

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